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  3. Let’s say you’re working toward a goal. Maybe it’s to cut out junk food, budget better or stop looking at your phone so much. Ch

Let’s say you’re working toward a goal. Maybe it’s to cut out junk food, budget better or stop looking at your phone so much. Ch

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问题     Let’s say you’re working toward a goal. Maybe it’s to cut out junk food, budget better or stop looking at your phone so much. Chances are, the first thing you think to yourself is something along the lines of, "OK, I just really need to eat more vegetables/save $10,000/put down the damn phone after 8 p. m. "
    In other words, you think willpower will help you to achieve the goal. A firm determination will get you to the finish line. But what if willpower wasn’t all that you needed? In fact, what if you didn’t actually need willpower at all? As it turns out, willpower is far from positive panacea we often see it as. It doesn’t always work. And what’s more, we often run out of it sooner rather than later.
    Often interchangeable with the term " self-control," willpower can be thought of as " mental strength or energy," explained Denise Cummins, a cognitive scientist who researches decision-making and thinking. Like physical strength or energy, willpower can be built up—but it also can be depleted.
    Trying to commit to a drastic change and relying on willpower alone won’t work out, Cummins said. This helps explain why only 8% of people keep their New Year’s resolutions. That’s because we often view it as something we don’t have much of in the first place, which sets us up for failure. One 2010 study found that working adults and college students who believed that willpower was a limited resource were more likely to give into temptation under stress.
    On top of that, willpower only works well when your motivation is high, so basically when you’re just starting out, Cummins said. But as you come across more and more temptations that work against your goals as time goes on—i. e. , the free pizza at work, a new purse or the lure of Instagram—your willpower rapidly starts to dissipate.
    Plus, temptation is literally everywhere these days. "There’s no way around the fact that as humans in today’s world, we’re constantly swimming upstream against countless distractions," explained Brad Stulberg, a researcher, wellness coach and author of "The Passion Paradox." " There’s an ongoing attack of junk food and junk content, and if you’re constantly bending your willpower muscle against all those things, it’s going to constantly deplete. "
    The bottom line; While willpower can certainly play a helpful role in reaching a goal—at least when we’re highly motivated—it’s just not enough on its own. " Self-control" isn’t the answer. Instead, there are a few ways to "hack" yourself so you can better achieve your goals, whatever they might be.
The author believes in the first two paragraphs that the importance of willpower in achieving goals_________.
选项 A、has aroused groundless doubts
B、has encountered bias
C、has been underrated
D、has been overestimated
答案D
解析 细节题。根据题干提示可定位至第一、二段。第一段引入话题，第二段前两句在强调willpower的重要性。然后but一词形成转折，通过两个what if“倘若……”进行设问，第二段最后三句对willpower进行否定。尤其是倒数第二句，作者明确指出“It doesn’t always work”，即“其不总是起作用”。根据上下文不难判断这句话中的it就是指上文的willpower。由此可知，之前对willpower在实现目标过程中的作用的强调有点儿言过其实，与选项[D]has been overestimated“被高估”相符，故为正确答案。
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