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  3. At the dawn of the 20th century, suburbia was a dream inspired by revulsion to the poverty and crowding of the cities. In the vi

At the dawn of the 20th century, suburbia was a dream inspired by revulsion to the poverty and crowding of the cities. In the vi

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问题     At the dawn of the 20th century, suburbia was a dream inspired by revulsion to the poverty and crowding of the cities. In the visions of architects, there would be neighborhood parks, tree-lined streets and low-density housing free from the pollution and social problems of the cities. As the top map of the New York City metropolitan area shows, commuter suburbs had sprung up near the railway lines on Long Island and Westchester County by 1930, but further expansion was fueled in large part by the automobile. Eventually it was apparent that much of suburbia was not delivering on the early promise.
    The extraordinary growth of car ownership in 20th-century America was made possible by abundant domestic oil, the world’s largest highway system, and low taxes on vehicles and gasoline.
    But suburban growth would not have been nearly as great were it not for government policies that penalized cities and rewarded suburbs. For instance, federal mortgage insurance programs tended to promote new housing on outlying land rather than repair of existing city housing and, furthermore, excluded racially mixed neighborhoods that were deemed unstable. American communities have far fewer impediments to expansion than European ones: London, for instance, restricted sprawl by establishing greenbelts on its periphery.
    Tax deductions for mortgage interest in the U. S. have been larger than those of most other countries. Furthermore, suburban jurisdictions in the U. S. have far greater zoning powers than their foreign counterparts and use this power to reinforce low-density housing by requiring large lots, thus increasing the number of affluent taxpayers and reducing the need to supply services to needy families. Arguably, the most important stimulus to "white flight" out of the city was fear of crime, particularly crime by blacks—a fear reinforced by the social pathologies of public housing, where blacks and other minorities predominate. Such apprehension helps to explain why revitalization projects and improved mass-transit systems have failed to lure the middle class back to the city in large numbers.
    Suburban expansion may conjure up images of aesthetic degradation and cultural sterility, but it has provided better housing for millions. In the process of suburbanization, low-income city families have also benefited because of the housing stock that became available as the middle class fled. By spreading out, U. S. cities avoided the sometimes oppressive densities of Japanese and European cities. Indeed, so great is the compactness in Tokyo that Japanese officials see deconcentration as a high priority.
    Overall, however, the suburban push financially hurt cities, which saw their tax bases shrink. They were disproportionately affected by unfunded federal mandates and thus hindered in efforts to provide quality schools and reliable municipal services. Indeed, New York City’s fiscal problems in the 1970s followed, and were worsened by the middle-class flight into the suburbs. The outflow, rather than population growth, drove rapid suburban spread.
Which of the following contributed a lot to the further expansion of suburbs?
选项 A、Discovery of rich reserves of oil in the country.
B、High cost of repairing old houses in the cities.
C、Greenbelt building on the edge of the cities.
D、Government policies in favor of new housing in the suburbs.
答案A
解析 细节题。题目问的是“哪个原因极大地促成了郊区的进一步扩张?”。由文章第一段第三句“…but future expansion was fueled in large part by the automobile”可知：但汽车进一步加剧了大规模的扩张；此外，第二段第一句中“The extraordinary growth of Car ownership in 20th-century America was made possible by abundant domestic oil，the world’s largest highway system. and low taxes on vehicles and gasoline. ”可知：丰富的国内石油产量、世界上最大的公路系统以及对车辆和汽油征收的低税促使20世纪美国汽车持有量飞速增长，这与A项内容相符。故选A。
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