首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward i
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward i
admin
2022-04-28
44
问题
In contrast to the political anarchy, economic dislocation, and military destruction in Spanish America, Brazil’s drive toward independence from Portugal proceeded as a relatively bloodless transition between 1808 and 1822. The idea of Brazilian independence first arose in the late eighteenth century as a Brazilian reaction to the Portuguese policy of tightening political and economic control over the colony in the interests of
the mother country
. The first significant conspiracy against Portuguese rule was organized from 1788—1799 in the province of Minas Gerais, where rigid governmental control over the production and prices of gold and diamonds, as well as heavy taxes, caused much discontent. But
this conspiracy
never went beyond the stage of discussion and was easily discovered and crushed. Other conspiracies in the late eighteenth century as well as a brief revolt in 1817 reflected the influence of republican ideas over sections of the elite and even the lower strata of urban society. All proved abortive or were soon crushed. Were it not for an accident of European history, the independence of Brazil might have been long delayed.
The French invasion of Portugal in 1807 followed by the flight of the Portuguese court (sovereign and government officers) to Rio de Janeiro brought large benefits to Brazil. Indeed, the transfer of the court in effect signified achievement of Brazilian independence. The Portuguese prince and future King Joao VI opened Brazil’s ports to the trade of friendly nations, permitted the rise of local industries, and founded the Bank of Brazil. In 1815 he elevated Brazil to the legal status of a kingdom coequal with Portugal. In one sense, however, Brazil’s new status signified the substitution of one dependence for another. Freed from Portuguese control, Brazil came under the economic dominance of England, which obtained major tariff concessions and other privileges by the Strangford Treaty of 1810 between Portugal and Great Britain. The treaty provided for the importation of British manufactures into Brazil and the export of Brazilian agricultural produce to Great Britain. One result was an influx of cheap machine-made goods that swamped the handicrafts industry of
the country
.
Brazilian elites took satisfaction in Brazil’s new role and the growth of educational, cultural, and economic opportunities for their class. But the feeling was mixed with resentment toward the thousands of Portuguese courtiers (officials) and hangers-on
who
came with the court and who competed with Brazilians for jobs and favors. Thus, the change in the status of Brazil sharpened the conflict between Portuguese elites born in Brazil and elites born in Portugal and loyal to the Portuguese crown.
The event that precipitated the break with the mother country was the revolution of 1820 in Portugal. The Portuguese revolutionaries framed a liberal constitution for the kingdom, but
they
were conservative or reactionary in relation to Brazil. They demanded the immediate return of King Joao to Lisbon, an end to the system of dual monarchy that he had devised, and the restoration of the Portuguese commercial monopoly. Timid and vacillating, King Joao did not know which way to turn. Under the pressure of his courtiers, who hungered to return to Portugal and their lost estates, he finally approved the new constitution and sailed for Portugal. He left behind
him
, however, his son and heir, Pedro, and in a private letter advised him that in the event the Brazilians should demand independence, he should assume leadership of the movement and set the crown of Brazil on his head.
Soon it became clear that the Portuguese parliament intended to set the clock back by abrogating all the liberties and concessions won by Brazil since 1808. One of its decrees insisted on the immediate return of Pedro from Brazil. The pace of events moved more rapidly in 1822. On January 9, urged on by Brazilian advisers
who
perceived a golden opportunity to make an orderly transition to independence without the intervention of the masses, Pedro refused an order from the parliament to return to Portugal, saying famously, "I remain." On September 7, regarded by all Brazilians as Independence Day, he issued the even more celebrated proclamation, "Independence or death!" In December 1822, having overcome slight resistance by Portuguese troops, Dom Pedro was formally proclaimed constitutional Emperor of Brazil.
The phrase "this conspiracy" in Paragraph 1 refers to ________.
选项
A、plan against Portuguese rule
B、rigid governmental control
C、heavy taxes
D、military destruction
答案
A
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/hdfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
Whatisthewoman’sattitudetowardeachofthefollowingactivitiesofstudy?ChooseFOURanswersfromtheboxandwritetheco
economic本题有关斯里兰卡的卫生项目给当地居民带来的好处。录音原文中的improve是题目中providebetter的同义替换:而chances是opportunities的同义转述。
Conserving本题有关两种不同特征的文化。根据录音的关键词contrasting“相反的”可知,空格处应填入和extending“开放性的”意思相反的词。
ResearchprojectonattitudestowardsstudyRegardingteaching,Selinasaysshehaslearnedthat
ResearchprojectonattitudestowardsstudySelina’smainresearchquestionrelatedto
(Independencepolitical)ofnewspapers(became)a(commonfeature)of(journalism)intheUnitedStatesofthe1840’sand1850’s
随机试题
_______是人力资源管理的前提与主要职能()
下列历史事件中,揭开中国全面抗战序幕的是()。
喷嘴挡板机构在气动仪表中是属于()。
物种形成方式一般分为异域性物种形成、邻域性物种形成和______三类。
A.《医门法律》B.《伤寒论》C.《医学入门》D.《景岳全书》提出以虚实论治厥证的医著是
女孩,9个月,被发现胸部不对称和并趾畸形,进一步检查最可能发现下列哪种情况
A.炎症性水肿B.药物性水肿C.血管神经性水肿D.黏液性水肿E.特发性水肿颜面、下肢明显,非凹陷性水肿
商品流通企业职能战略处在战略结构三个层次中的最低层次,它包括( )。
下列有关超出被审计单位正常经营过程的重大关联方交易的说法中,错误的是()。
Whatisthewomanconcernedabout?
最新回复
(
0
)