2. 考研
  3. At the close of 1933, Keynes addressed a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, which, not seeking reticence , he published in the New

At the close of 1933, Keynes addressed a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, which, not seeking reticence , he published in the New

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问题 At the close of 1933, Keynes addressed a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, which, not seeking reticence , he published in the New York Times. A single sentence summarized his case: " I lay overwhelming emphasis on the increase of national purchasing power resulting from governmental expenditure which is financed by loans..." The following year he visited FDR but the letter had been a better means of communication. Each man was puzzled by the face-to-face encounter. The president thought Keynes some kind of " a mathematician rather than a political economist. " Keynes was depressed: he had " supposed the President was more literate, economically speaking. "
If corporations are large and strong, as they already were in the thirties, they can reduce their prices. And if unions are nonexistent or weak, as they were at the time in the United States, labor can then be forced to accept wage reductions. Action by one company will force action by another. The modern inflationary spiral will work in reverse; the reduced purchasing power of workers will add to its force. Through the National Recovery Administration Washington was trying to arrest this process—a reasonable and even wise effort, given the circumstances. This Keynes and most economists did not see; he and they believed the NRA Wrong, and ever since it has had a poor press. One of FDR’s foolish mistakes. Keynes wanted much more vigorous borrowing and spending; he thought the Administration far too cautious. And Washington was, indeed, reluctant.
In the early thirties the Mayor of New York was James J. Walker. Defending a casual attitude toward dirty literature, as it was then called, he said he had never heard of a girl being seduced by a book. Keynes was now, after a fashion, to prove Walker wrong. Having failed by direct, practical persuasion , he proceeded to seduce Washington and the world by way of a book. Further to prove the point against Walker, it was a nearly unreadable one.
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答案 在1933年末，凯恩斯给富兰克林.罗斯福写了一封信，为了使公众皆知，他把信发表在《纽约时报》上。一句话便可概括他要表达的意思：“我十万分地强调，国家购买力的增加取决于政府贷款融资的支出……”第二年他拜访了罗斯福，但这次会晤的效果还不如上次那封信。他们都对这种面对面的会晤感到困惑。罗斯福总统认为凯恩斯是“某类数学家，而不是政治经济学家”。凯恩斯很沮丧；他曾认为“在经济学方面，可能总统更有见识”。 如果企业规模巨大且实力很强，像30年代的那些企业一样，它们就可以降低它们产品的价格。而如果没有工会，或者工会力量很弱，像那时的美国企业，工人就可能被迫接受降低工资。一个公司的行为就会让另一个公司效仿。现代的恶性通货膨胀会起反作用；降低工人的购买力就会加剧通货膨胀。通过国家工业复兴总署，华盛顿正试图阻止这种情况的出现，综合考虑各种因素，这是一个合理的甚至明智的举措。凯恩斯和大多数经济学家并没有领会到这一点；他和他们认为是国家工业复兴总署的错误，而且从那时起国家工业复兴总署一直未尽力。这成了罗斯福愚蠢的错误之一。凯恩斯渴望更多的有活力的借贷和支出，他认为总署太谨慎了。而华盛顿确实很不情愿。 20世纪30年代初，詹姆斯.沃克担任纽约市市长。他认为针对当时所谓的色情文学，人们应该保持随意的态度，并声称自己从来没有听说过一个女孩会被一本书诱惑。如今，凯恩斯多多少少证明了沃克观点的错误。由于直接和实用的劝说都没有成功，他便用创作的书籍诱惑了华盛顿和整个世界。还有一点能够进一步证明沃克观点的错误，那便是他的书几乎是难以读懂的。
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