首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Organic Architecture One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth century architecture was F
Organic Architecture One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth century architecture was F
admin
2011-01-15
34
问题
Organic Architecture
One of the most striking personalities in the development of early-twentieth century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867- 1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create "architecture of democracy". Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as "natural" and "organic", Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a free space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spatially with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fundamental to understanding his view of organic unity: "Classic architecture was all fixations. Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other? This ideal, profound in its architectural implications I called continuity."
Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style and entirely started his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture.
Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a prairie house. Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the place great flatlands. Starting abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, and all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the "wandering" plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace.A (He believed strongly in the hearth’s age-old domestic significance.) Wright designed enclosed patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-inmotion inside and out. B He set masses and voids in equilibrium; the flow of interior space determined the exterior wall placement.C The exterior’s sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the design’s spaces. D
The Robie House is a good example of Wright’s "naturalism", his adjusting of a building to its site. However, in this particular case, the confines of the city lot constrained the building-to-site relationship more than did the sites of some of Wright’s more expansive suburban and country homes. The Kaufmann House, nicknameed "Falling water" and designed as a weekend retreat at Bear Run near Pittsburgh is a start prime example of the latter. Perched on a rocky hillside over a small waterfall, this structure extends the Robie House’s blocky masses in all four directions. The contrast in textures between concrete, painted metal, and natural stones in its walls enliven its shapes, as does Wright’s use of full-length strip windows to create a stunning interweaving of interior and exterior space.
The implied message of Wright’s new architecture was space, not mass—a space designed to fit the patron’s life and enclosed and divided as required. Wright took special pains to meet his client’s requirements, often designing all the accessories of a house. In the late 1930s, he acted on a cherished dream to provide good architectural design for less prosperous people by adapting the ideas of his prairie house to plans for smaller, less expensive dwellings. The publication of Wright’s plans brought him a measure of fame in Europe, especially in Holland and Germany. The issuance in Berlin in 1910 of a portfolio of his work and an exhibition of his designs the following year stimulated younger architects to adopt some of his ideas about open plans. Some forty years before his career ended, his work was already of revolutionary significance.
The word prime in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
选项
A、most important.
B、most numerous.
C、most common.
D、most accepted.
答案
A
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/i1yO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
ClassifythefollowinginformationasreferringtoAadoptedthewritingsystemfromanothercountryBusedorganicmaterialst
Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectorganisation,A-G.ListofOrganisationsAExplorationArchitectureBDESERTECCABBPower
ThePearlA.Thepearlhasalwayshadaspecialstatusintherichandpowerfulallthroughthehistory.Forinstance,women
ThePearlA.Thepearlhasalwayshadaspecialstatusintherichandpowerfulallthroughthehistory.Forinstance,women
TheInnovationofGroceryStoresA.Attheverybeginningofthe20thcentury,theAmericangrocerystoresofferedcomprehen
TheInnovationofGroceryStoresA.Attheverybeginningofthe20thcentury,theAmericangrocerystoresofferedcomprehen
Timekeeper:InventionofMarineChronometerA.Uptothemiddleofthe18thcentury,thenavigatorswerestillunabletoexa
17th/seventeenthcentury
随机试题
________,白露未已。(《诗经.蒹葭》)
暑、火、燥三邪的共同致病特点是()
某企业2015年企业所得税年度纳税申报的应纳税所得额为-120万元(假定以前年度均盈利并缴纳企业所得税)。2016年7月税务机关对该企业的2015年度纳税情况进行税务稽查发现如下问题:(1)2015年度6月企业以上年工资总额的10%标准为全体职工支付补充
借款人需要将其动产或权利凭证移交银行占有的贷款方式为()。
物业管理绩效评价的基本指标中,下列属于财务效益状况指标的有()。
法不是从来就有的,也不是永恒不变的;它是人类社会发展到一定阶段的产物,随着生产力的发展,私有制、阶级和国家的出现而出现。()
某一列车,其首端从站台的A点出发到尾端完全出站都在做匀加速直线运动,站在站台上A点一侧的观察者,测得第一节车厢全部通过A点需要的时间为t1,那么第二节车厢(每节车厢都相同)全部通过A点需要的时间为()。
Alongjourneyincoldweatherisdreadfullytiring.
TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithGeorgeBush’sfather’swordsTheattitudeofthosewhoare"barkingupthewrongtree"towar
WhatwasSteve’sattitudetowardswomenwhowrotelovestories?HelenthoughtStevemightnotbecontentofStrettonbecause___
最新回复
(
0
)