首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
"Civilization" Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The
admin
2018-07-24
43
问题
"Civilization"
Between 4000 and 3000 B.C., significant technological developments began to transform the Neolithic towns. The invention of writing enabled records to be kept, and the use of metals marked a new level of human control over the environment and its resources. Already before 4000 B.C., craftspeople had discovered that metal-bearing rocks could be heated to liquefy metals, which could then be cast in molds to produce tools and weapons that were more useful than stone instruments. Although copper was the first metal to be utilized in producing tools, after 4000 b.c. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of copper and tin produced bronze, a much harder and more durable metal than copper. Its widespread use has led historians to call the period the Bronze Age; thereafter, from around 3000 to 1200 b.c, bronze was increasingly replaced by iron.
At first, Neolithic settlements were hardly more than villages. But as their inhabitants mastered the art of farming, more complex human societies emerged. As wealth increased, these societies began to develop armies and to build walled cities. By the beginning of the Bronze Age, the concentration of larger numbers of people in the river valleys of Southwest Asia and Egypt was leading to a whole new pattern for human life.
As we have seen, early human beings formed small groups that developed a simple culture that enabled them to survive. As human societies grew and developed greater complexity, a new form of human existence—called civilization—came into being. A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements. Historians have identified a number of basic characteristics of civilization, most of which are evident in the Southwest Asian and Egyptian civilizations. These include (1) an urban focus: cities became the centers of political, economic, social, cultural, and religious development; (2) a distinct religious structure: the gods were deemed crucial to the community’s success, and professional priestly classes, as stewards of the gods’ property, regulated relations with the gods; (3) new political and military structures: an organized government bureaucracy arose to meet the administrative demands of the growing population while armies were organized to gain land and power and for defense; (4) a new social structure based on economic power: while kings and an upper class of priests, political leaders, and warriors dominated, there also existed large groups of free people (farmers, artisans, craftspeople) and at the very bottom, socially, a class of slaves; (5) the development of writing: kings, priests, merchants, and artisans used writing to keep records; and (6) new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity: monumental architectural structures, usually religious, occupied a prominent place in urban environments.
Why early civilizations developed remains difficult to explain. A Since civilizations developed independently in India, China, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, can general causes be identified that would explain why all of these civilizations emerged? B A number of possible explanations of the beginning of civilization have been suggested. A theory of challenge and response maintains that challenges forced human beings to make efforts that resulted in the rise of civilization. Some scholars have adhered to a material explanation. C Material forces, such as the growth of food surpluses, made possible the specialization of labor and development of large communities with bureaucratic organization. D But the area of the Fertile Crescent, in which civilization emerged in Southwest Asia, was not naturally conducive to agriculture. Abundant food could be produced only with a massive human effort to carefully manage the water, an effort that created the need for organization and bureaucratic control and led to civilized cities. Some historians have argued that nonmaterial forces, primarily religious, provided the sense of unity and purpose that made such organized activities possible. Finally, some scholars doubt that we are capable of ever discovering the actual causes of early civilization.
Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.
Some historians believe they can be established.
Where could the sentence best be added?
Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
选项
A、
B、
C、
D、
答案
B
解析
A rhetorical question is a question that is asked and answered by the same speaker. Response is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous rhetorical question. Choices A, C, and D are not correct because the pronoun "they" in the insert sentence does not refer to plural nouns in the previous sentence.
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/iCfO777K
0
托福(TOEFL)
相关试题推荐
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
WhatrulesapplytotakingdifferentobjectstotheCentre?Matcheachobjectwiththecorrectrule,A-C.Writethecorrectlett
ChooseTWOletters,A-EWhichTWOproblemsdoSamandthetutoridentifyconcerninggroupassignments?APersonalrelationships.
WhatdidPhoebefinddifficultaboutthedifferentresearchtechniquessheused?ChooseFIVEanswersfromtheboxandwritethe
Whatadvantagedoesthespeakermentionforeachofthefollowingphysicalactivities?ChooseSIXanswersfromtheboxandwrite
Whothinksthefollowing?AKatyaBPeterCbothKatyaandPeterTheInternetcreatesnewgapsbetweenrichandpoor.
ResearchingtheoriginofmedievalmanuscriptsBackgroundMedievalmanuscripts—handwrittenbooksproducedbetweenthefifth
Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Accordingtothepassage,whatisonedifferencebetweenthehuntingdonebysomehumans
随机试题
在有机化工生产中为了防止发生溶解腐蚀,全部选用各种金属的钢或不锈钢,而不选用非金属制造设备。
某公司除从事汽车产品的生产外,还生产电冰箱、洗衣机、飞机发动机、潜水艇等,则该公司采取的发展战略是()
A.牙源性B.血源性C.损伤性D.腺源性E.医源性少数翼下颌间隙感染来源于
女性,74岁,两年前诊断肺心病,一周来咳嗽、咳痰、喘息加重,双下肢水肿,体检:肺内多量湿哕音,心率100次/分,肝肋下2.5cm,双下肢水肿。白细胞计数及中性粒细胞分类均增高,血气分析:pH7.335,PaO250mmHg,PaCO278mmHg,HC
甲妻病故,膝下无子女,养子乙成年后常年在外地工作。甲与村委会签订遗赠扶养协议,约定甲的生养死葬由村委会负责,死后遗产归村委会所有。后甲又自书一份遗嘱.将其全部财产赠与侄子丙。甲死后,乙就甲的遗产与村委会以及丙发生争议。对此,下列哪一选项是正确的?(2010
某项工作有两项紧前工作A、B,其持续时间是A=3,B=4,其最早开始时间是A=5,B=6,则本工作的最早开始时间是( )。
下列各项中,可以成为财政违法行为违法主体的有()。
总分类账和明细分类账一律是根据记账凭证登记的。()
在同一桌上绘画的幼儿,其想象的主题往往雷同,这说明幼儿想象的特点是()。
Whatisoneofthefindingsoftheresearch?Theeffectsofmusicdonot______.
最新回复
(
0
)