The bad effects of traffic jams include the following EXCEPT______.

As more people move to the edge of towns and cities, traffic congestion may get worse. It is compounded by people being brought into the city on large roads or motorways. These roads then link up with smaller, older, narrower roads in the city center. This causes a bottleneck and congestion or traffic jams.
   Traffic jams are the misery of motorists’ lives, whether it’s the daily bottleneck during the commute to work, or endless delays on motorways at the start of the holidays. Jams are not only frustrating, they are also a major contributor to air pollution, and that’s bad not just for our climate, but everybody’s health too.
   This isn’t a new problem, of course. During the car boom of the 1960s, city planners had one seemingly obvious solution: build more and wider roads. But it didn’t work. The more roads created, the more cars they attracted.
   While every city — whether London, Beijing or New York — has its unique set of traffic problems, there are a few common issues: many people insist on driving their own car, instead of sharing rides or using a bicycle; up to a third of cars on roads are drivers looking for a place to park; and then there’s the human factor: most of us simply are not very efficient drivers.
   Congested roads are a headache for many modern cities, but what are the solutions? Some cities have tried to manage this problem by introducing traffic management schemes. These schemes may include:
   1)The introduction of Park and Ride schemes. People park in car parks on the edge of a settlement and catch regular buses into the center.
   2)Pedestrianized areas are designated as "pedestrian only" zones.
   3)Vehicle exclusion zones—certain types of vehicles are excluded from certain parts of a city.
   4)Car-pooling—people are encouraged to share cars. This has been used a lot in the USA.
   5)Traffic calming—roads narrowing and speed bumps make traffic move slower around narrower streets.
   6)Other cities like Beijing have resorted to less subtle methods, like banning cars from driving on certain days, alternating between cars with license plates that end in, say, even or uneven numbers.