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  3. Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to

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问题     Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.
    Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.
    Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.
The most powerful protection against deviance is________.
选项 A、negative sanctions
B、severe punishments
C、the individual’s conscience
D、unrestrained suppression
答案C
解析 题目问什么是对抗越轨行为最有力的方法。根据题干protection against deviance定位至第2段第4句。该句提到，这是对抗越轨行为最有力的方法的原因在于人的良知是社会控制的代理人，说明the individual’s conscience“人的良知”会成为最有力的保护，故答案为C项。A项“消极的制裁”和B项“严厉的惩罚”是每个社会中处理越轨行为的方式，但不是对抗越轨行为最有力的方法，均可排除。D项“无限制的压制”在文中未被提及。
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