首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she
admin
2015-08-29
43
问题
I should start by saying as clearly as I can that I love antibiotics. Recently I had dinner with a pediatrician friend, and she told me the story of the day’s sickest child. Before she sent the child to the emergency room in an ambulance, she told me, she gave her 50 milligrams per kilogram of ceftriaxone, a powerful antibiotic.
"You probably saved her life," I said, and my friend nodded: it was possible. Antibiotics represent a huge gift in the struggle against infant and child mortality, a triumph(or actually, many triumphs)of human ingenuity and science over disease and death, since the antibiotic era began back in the fourth and fifth decades of the 20th century.
But new research is looking at questions about the complex effects of antibiotics on bacteria, on individual children, and on populations building on a greatly increased awareness of how powerful antibiotics can be. and how important it is to use them judiciously.
Over the past 15 years or so, spurred by new realizations and new fears -about the risks of breeding resistant strains of bacteria, pediatricians in the United States have, as a group, cut back dramatically on prescribing antibiotics in situations where they may not be necessary. Parents, as a group, have become less likely to demand them.
"It’s actually been a remarkable change in practice from the mid-’90s on," said Dr. Jonathan Finkelstein, a pediatrician at Boston Children’s Hospital who studies antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, "and we did that by physicians and patients recognizing that antibiotics are quite effective, quite safe, but there’s no such thing as a free lunch, and as with any other medical decision, we have to weigh the risks and benefits of every treatment."
There has been a lot of discussion about whether ear infections should always be treated with antibiotics, or whether in some situations(older child, less ill)"watchful waiting" might be appropriate—but it’s also true that many of us have become much more reluctant to diagnose ear infections in borderline cases.
In a study that Dr. Finkelstein and his colleagues published this year, looking at antibiotic use in children in Massachusetts, the rate at which antibiotics were dispensed to the youngest group(3 to 24 months)had decreased 24 percent by 2008 - 2009 from 2000 - 2001. That drop was largely driven by a declining rate of diagnosis of ear infections.
We always knew there were immediate risks to antibiotics. Children could have allergic reactions. They could get diarrhea. Babies could get unpleasant yeast infections—severe diaper rash, thrush in the mouth. But still, the thinking back when I trained was that after the antibiotics, the body would return to normal.
"When antibiotics were developed, they were miraculous for all the reasons that you know," said Dr. Martin J. Blaser, the chairman of medicine at New York University School of Medicine. "With few exceptions, there was almost no long-term toxicity that was identifiable, and so everybody thought that if you took an antibiotic, it could produce some immediate upset—it could produce a rash, loose bowels—and then everything would return to normal, bounce back to normal. But in fact there was no real exploration of that. It just became an article of faith."
Dr. Blaser has devoted himself to a study of what is now called the microbiome, the bacterial population that lives on us and in us, and the effects of perturbing that population by antibiotic use. He and other researchers are asking questions about whether alterations in the microbiome may be linked to many different patterns of health, growth and disease. It’s an area of investigation that is still new, but changing quickly.
Last summer, Dr.Blaser’s group published a study in The International Journal of Obesity in which they analyzed growth data from a large group of British children: those treated with antibiotics when very young(under 6 months)showed increased weight gain by a year of age, and were 22 percent more likely to be overweight at age 3.
The influence of early antibiotics on the lungs has also been examined. A study in last month’s issue of the journal Pediatrics looked epidemiologically at another large population of children, and found an association between childhood antibiotic treatment and the later development of inflammatory bowel disease.
Every one of these researchers started with an antibiotic pledge of allegiance. "We clearly have to use antibiotics and are lucky to have them around," said Dr. Matthew P. Kronman, lead author on the bowel disease study, who is a specialist in pediatric infectious diseases at the Seattle Children’s Hospital. "It’s just that we are still learning what all of their effects are."
The phrase "in borderline cases" in Paragraph Six means that
选项
A、when patients can’t make up a decision.
B、when antibiotics can be used or not used.
C、when doctors can’t diagnose ear infections.
D、when patients are in dangerous situations.
答案
B
解析
语义题。由题干定位至第六段。borderline意为“边界上的,边界附近的”;“many of us have becomemuch more reluctant to diagnose ear infections in borderline cases”说明很多人在可选择的情况下,都不太愿意使用抗生素了.故选[B].
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/j4OO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HowInterpretersWork?Ⅰ.UnderstandingA.Aboutwordsandexpressions—【1】______wordsmaybeleftout:【1】______—Ifnot
Whatisadrug?Mostpeoplelikelythink【1】______thinkthere’saperfectlysimpleanswertothisque
Somepeoplesaythatfashionisjustforsellingclothes,soweshouldnotfollowitandweshoulddresswhatwelikeandfeelc
Arbitrarinessoflanguagewasfirstdiscussedby
WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheofficiallanguagesinNewZealand?
TheCommonwealthofNationsisanassociationofindependentcountries______.
Hemingwayisa______accordingtoGertrudeStein.
Alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersiscalled____
Abouthalfoftheinfantandmaternaldeathsindevelopingcountriescouldbeavoidedifwomenhadusedfamilyplanningmethods
Theoilpriceswilldecreasesharplyinthelongrunmainlybecause______.
随机试题
四个试点地区人均报销费用大约为()。
成套引进设备装置,其产品标准应当采用设备装置使用国的合同标准,其质量指标不允许降低。()
“周年店庆,降价三天”属于成交策略中的()
在婚姻关系存续期间所得的下列财产中,属于夫妻个人财产的是
椎骨横突向上翘的是
关于证券经纪业务的说法,正确的是()。
甲、乙因某不动产发生纠纷,甲欲通过诉讼方式解决。其选择诉讼管辖法院的下列表述中,符合法律规定的是()。
人格包括______和气质以及自我调控系统。
在研发过程中,科研机构和人员不仅需要大型仪器设备,也需要文献、数据、实验动物及其组织样本库等资源。一个调研课题的统计表明,各方对科技文献和数据的需求居于首位。目前这些重要资源大量沉淀在高校和研究院所,需要使用它们的单位(尤其是企业)无法__________
ReadthemagazinearticleaboutbusinessEnglish.ChoosethecorrectwordtofilleachgapfromA,BorC.Foreachquestion(29
最新回复
(
0
)