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  3. Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advancedcomponents to operate profitably, face

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advancedcomponents to operate profitably, face

admin2009-04-18  108
问题     Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advancedcomponents to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning theproducers of these items (a practice known as backward integration) and buying from independentproducers. Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict theirfuture capacity for innovative product development.
    Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizersoverhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development.Where components are commodities (ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backwardintegration almost certainly boosts profits. Nevertheless, because product innovation meansadopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components,backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example,a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.
    A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdatedtechnology. Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers withwhom they are competing. Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology ofproducing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise itsability to assemble these components successfully into end products. Long-term contracts withsuppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration withoutcompromising a company’s ability to innovate.
    However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either. Developinginnovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums inresearch and development. The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten thelong-term financial stability of these firms. Because the ability of end-product assemblers torespond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are oftenforced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers inbusiness.
选项 A、improvement in the management of overhead expenses
B、enhancement of profit margins on sales of components
C、simplification of purchasing and marketing operations
D、reliability of a source of necessary components
E、elimination of unnecessary research efforts
答案B
解析 This question asks you to identify which one of the five answer choices is NOT mentioned in the passage as a benefit associated with backward integration. The best answer is B. The passage does not indicate how backward integration affects the profit margins on sales of components by independent suppliers. Choices A, C, and E are mentioned in the passage as a benefit of backward integration. Choice D is incorrect because the passage indicates that backward integration is a way of having a reliable source of necessary components.
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