2. 外语
  3. Answer the questions by referring to the spread and influence of Confucius’ teachings in 4 different foreign countries. Note

Answer the questions by referring to the spread and influence of Confucius’ teachings in 4 different foreign countries. Note

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问题     Answer the questions by referring to the spread and influence of Confucius’ teachings in 4 different foreign countries.
    Note: Some choices may be required more than once.
    A = Japan
    B = Italy
    C = France
    D = America
Japan
    It has been a long history of 1750 years ever since Confucianism was introduced into this country. Confucius’ teachings are in every field of the social life in Japan. Its influence on the people’s moral concepts and views about education are the deepest in Japan.
    It was in the 16th year of Mikado (285 A.D.) that Confucius’ teachings began to be introduced to Japan. In the year the suggestion of a Korean envoy was adopted and Wang Ren, a Chinese court academician was sent to Japan to present to the Mikado ten copies of Lun Yu (The Analeets of Confucius) and a copy of an Article of a Thousand Words (Qian Zi Wen). Wang Ren’s arriving at Japan is generally regarded as the beginning of Confucianism being spread in the country. Confucius’ teachings were accepted by both the government and the public. Confucianism quickly took its roots among the people and developed constantly. Combined with the conditions in Japan Confucianism has gradually become part of the national culture of the country,
    During the time of Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty Japan sent many students to China to study Confucianism. Under the influence of Confucius’ theory about a unified domain, Japanese successfully carried the DAIKA Reform after which Japanese society started to transit from a slavish society to a feudal society. The person pulling strings behind the scenes of the reform was a great Confucianist who had studied in China for 20 to 30 years. During the 200 years after the reform Japan had sent to China 19 groups of envoys. The country did its utmost to import the culture of Tang dynasty, develop national education based on Confucianism, spread the thought of the sage, set up universities and hold ceremonies in memory of Confucius. In the years of EDO Confucius’ teachings were unprecedentedly popular. The ruling class people took the lead in reading the classical books of Confucianism, setting up education based on Confucianism, building Confucius’ Temples. Education was developed, people of talents came forth in large numbers and the academic circle reached to its flourishing time. The major schools include Sehool of Yonego, School of Yang Ming, School of Mito, School of Kogaku, School of Eclecticism, School of Textual Research.
    Since the beginning of 20th century, especially in the late thirty years, among countries except China the study of Confucianism is best developed in Japan. Not only that Confucianism influenced Japanese society in the past 1000 years, it also has great effect on the people at present time,
Italy
    China is one of the birth places of human civilization. As the kernel of the traditional culture of ancient China, Confucius’ teachings greatly influenced not only the historical development of Oriental society, but also the social life of some European countries. Confucius’ influence on Italy has something to do with the missionaries who came to China to do missionary work. In 1582, the Society of Jesus sent Matteo Ricci to China. In order to do their missionary work well he studied Confucianism very hard. Matteo Ricci was the first person who used Confucianism to express Christianity. He arrived in Beijing in 1601 and lived there for years. He published the Latin version of the Four Books which were the earliest classical books of Confucius translated into European Language. Matteo Ricci had made some contributions to the cultural exchange between the East and the West, so in Italy he was called "the first man who facilitated the flow of culture between China and Western countries", "Learned Western Confucianist" and "Christian Confucius". The study of Confucius in today’s Italy has made some progress and several groups of books about Confucius have been published,
France
    Among European countries, Confucianism has its greatest effect in France. It was introduced to France soon after it was introduced to Italy. During the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, Confucianism had made some positive contributions to the bourgeois revolution in France. Among the great thinkers Confucianism mainly influenced the Encyclopedism school and Physiocratic school. Its influence on the French Revolution can be seen in the Declaration of the Right of Man and of the Citizen, drafted by Robespierre, leader of Jacobin Club, the declaration says that freedom is the right belonging to all those who do not do harm to others, the principle of freedom is nature, the rule is justice, the guarantee is the law and the moral limits are in the following, "Don’t treat others in the way you do not want to be treated".
    The Chinese Study Institute of Paris University is the major one that studies Confucianism in France. The subjects include Confucianist Classics and Confucianism. In Grand Larousse Encyclopedique (published in 1973), under the entry of Confucius, Confucius and Confucianism are introduced and discussed systematically. As a representative work of Confucian study in France it starts its discussion with Confucius and ends with Mr. Feng Youlan, a Chinese expert at Confucian study.
America
    Through missionary activities Americans began to study Confucianism, motivated by capital expansion, the study has been pushed forward while the U.S.-China policy and international conditions are changing frequently. From the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century, especially during World War I and World War Ⅱ, more attention was paid to the work because of political and military reasons. The founding of the People’s Republic of China and the triumph of China and Korea over America in Korean War made Americans feel it necessary to work even harder in the study of Chinese history and present conditions. As a result, Confucianism which has influenced Chinese in the history and at present time was paid great attention to, especially in the years after 1990’s because of the international conditions, especially the Sino-U.S. relationship, Chinese study in America, including the study of Confucius, developed quickly. In the American academic field Confucius has been given a thorough study and review. More and more Americans began to understand and respect Confucius as a famous intellectual in Chinese history and Confucianism as the representative of Chinese feudal traditional culture. In People’s Almanac Handbook, published in 1985 in America, Confucius heads the list of the ten great thinkers in the world.
选项 A、 
B、 
C、 
D、 
答案C
解析
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