2. 外语
  3. [A] Until summarizing is possible, managers and CEOs who are experts in their various fields won’ t trust a computer that cannot

[A] Until summarizing is possible, managers and CEOs who are experts in their various fields won’ t trust a computer that cannot

admin2019-05-09  41
问题    [A] Until summarizing is possible, managers and CEOs who are experts in their various fields won’ t trust a computer that cannot offer a reason for why a creative yet risky move is the best one to make. Researchers have developed a mathematical proof that shows the limits to how creative a computer can be. They found that the fastest modern supercomputer couldn’ t list or explore all the features of an object/thing even if it had started working on the problem way back in the 1950s. Further, computers cannot always fill in the gaps in our lack of understanding for how things work. Our theories will always need actual empirical measurements to fill in the gaps in our understanding.
   [B] We shouldn’ t concern ourselves, therefore, about whether computers will overtake humans: instead, we should focus on designing a system that allows humans and computers to easily collaborate together so each partner can build upon the other’ s strengths and counter the other’ s weaknesses. Along the way, humans will rise to the challenge of working with a strong machine partner. In some ways, this is already happening. After losing the first three games to AlphaGo, and witnessing the computer system make novel moves that players hadn’ t seen before, Lee Sedol made a highly creative move of his own and ended up winning the game.
   [C] Despite these advancements, computers still have limitations. For example, even though AlphaGo leaned on deep learning to make moves that increased its chances of winning, its programmers didn’ t know why the system made certain moves. They could peer in to see such things as the values at the many digital"neurons"of a many-layered network, but much of the information was distributed across large ranges of the neural network and was not available to be summarized in a reasoned argument as to why a particular move was chosen.
   [D] Artificial intelligence is disturbing the workforce, and will continue to do so as its capabilities increase. Inevitably, artificial intelligence will soon be able to do the administrative tasks that consume much of managers’ time faster, better, and at a lower cost. But, when it comes to more complex and creative tasks such as innovation, the question still remains whether AI can do the job better than humans.
   [E]One can see more of this in the future. As we develop systems and they evolve, humans and computers will continue to challenge each other, and, as a result, both will become more innovative in the process. Further, designing the proper interface for human and computers to collaborate on the same problem will unleash a level of innovativeness that neither partner can achieve on their own.
   [F]Given these limitations, researchers have proposed a solution: a new human-computer interface (HCI) that allows humans and computers to work together to counter each other’ s weaknesses. Computers, for example, could prevent humans from falling prey to cognitive biases such as functional fixedness, assumption blindness and analogy blindness. And humans could make up the creative deficiencies of computers. In order for this to work, the interface needs to be both human- and computer-friendly.
   [G]There’ s no doubt that recent advancements in AI have been extraordinary. AlphaGo, a computer program designed to play the ancient board game Go, beat Lee Sedol, one of best players in the world, in a 4-1 landslide. Since Go is far more complex game than chess, AlphaGo’ s victory was a major breakthrough.

选项
答案A
解析 已定位的C项举例说明人工智能的局限性，其中末句指出“由于电脑的神经网络庞大且复杂，研究人员不可能总结出AlphaGo每一步走棋的原理”，由关键词limitations、summarized可锁定词汇复现的A项和F项。假设A项在C项后，则A项首句“在AlphaGo走棋原理总结出来之前……”与C项末句顺承而下，衔接自然，且A项之后给出人工智能有局限的两个理由(Researchers have developed a mathematical proof、Further)，可以看作是对C段的提炼和总结。假设F项在C项后，尽管these limitations复现关键词，但一则，C项仅举例指出“AlphaGo走棋动机不明”，并未深入扩展说明所有人工智能都存在局限性，论证过于单薄，F项首句针对人工智能存在的局限提出解决方案显然太过突兀；二则，F项提出“新型人机交互界面”(a new human-computer interface)，与已定位的B项“设计人机协作系统”(designing a system that…)语义一致性更高，且B项中therefore所体现的F项与B项的因果逻辑也成立。综上可得出，A项与C项衔接更加自然顺畅，且A项侧重说理论证，给出了人工智能有局限的两个理由，F项在A项之后，可避免上述论证薄弱的缺陷，同时these limitations也有明确回指内容。
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