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  3. In the old, days parents followed a simple rule: spare the rod and spoil the child. These days less violent forms of discipline

In the old, days parents followed a simple rule: spare the rod and spoil the child. These days less violent forms of discipline

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问题     In the old, days parents followed a simple rule: spare the rod and spoil the child. These days less violent forms of discipline are favoured. Supernanny, a television toddler-tamer, recommends the "naughty step", to which ill-behaved naughty children are temporarily banished. Yet even this is too harsh, some psychologists say. But advocates of "positive discipline" say "naughty step" does nothing to encourage one to solve problems (and thus build character). Some even suggest it may be psychologically damaging.
    Positive discipline, which is becoming a fad in America, aims to teach children self-control and empathy. Rather than screaming at them to pick up the toys they have thrown on the floor, parents or teachers ask them to suggest their own way of tackling the problem. Adults are encouraged to think harder about the causes of bad behaviour. Families meet regularly to discuss all of the above.
    The Ravenswood School in Chicago has embraced positive discipline. When children quarrel, they are allowed to pick an option from a "wheel of choice" poster. These include "share and take turns", "balloon breath" and a spell in the "calm-down corner". In one classroom this has a tiny chair, some fairy lights and an inviting box of picture books.
    Positive discipline is not new; Jane Nelson, a family consultant and child-care guru, first published a book with that title in 1981. No reliable statistics show how many parents or schools use it, but the Positive Discipline Association, a non-profit that ran 18 training workshops in 2005, found itself running 51 in 2010.
    Doubters fear that positive really means permissive. Not so, says Maria Vannucci of the Adler School of Professional Psychology in Chicago. The goal is to connect with a child, rather than simply barking "Shut up!" or "Go to your room!" For example, a child who is getting underfoot in the kitchen may need to feel involved and be given something to do, such as rolling pastry or folding napkins. One who has given up on his homework may need to have the task broken down. A toddler who hits another may not know why he is angry; he may be removed or told: "Use your gentle hands." Bribes are out: positive disciplinarians fear they may prevent a child from developing pride in a job well done.
The underlined word "guru" (Para.4, Line 1) most probably means ______.
选项 A、an expert
B、a teacher
C、a doctor
D、a writer
答案A
解析 词义题可以通过上下文背景来推断，该词所在背景句为：family consultant and child—care guru. 由于and前后的信息是平行、并列的，因此and前后两个词经常是同义词、近义词或者有相关关系的词，故可以判断guru与之前的“consultant(顾问)”是接近的。我们再看四个选项中是否出现与“consultant(顾问)”相近的词。四个选项分别是A“专家”；B“教师”；C“医生”；D“作家”。与“顾问”最接近的是“专家”，故该题答案为选项A，an expert。
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