2. 外语
  3. Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】______praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativit

Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】______praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativit

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问题     Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from【C1】______praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists,【C2】______research the relation【C3】______actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain【C4】______rewards often destroy creativity【C5】______encouraging dependence【C6】______approval and gifts from others.
    The latter view has gained many supporters, especially【C7】______educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks【C8】______in grade-school children, suggesting【C9】______properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness,【C10】______to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
    "If kids know they’re working for a【C11】______and can focus【C12】______a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity" , says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for【C13】______performance or creating too【C14】______anticipation for rewards.
    A teacher【C15】______continually draws attention to rewards or who hands【C16】______high grades for ordinary achievement ends up【C17】______discouraged students, Eisenberger holds.【C18】______an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing【C19】______.
    In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【C20】______ students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
【C12】
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