首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Poverty and Health The link between health and economic outcomes has always been a central issue for both economists and soc
Poverty and Health The link between health and economic outcomes has always been a central issue for both economists and soc
admin
2012-09-10
93
问题
Poverty and Health
The link between health and economic outcomes has always been a central issue for both economists and sociologists. Most experts believe that there is a strong causal link between health and economic prosperity. For example, those earning higher incomes have more money to invest in human capital such as improving and maintaining health. This means that their standard of living improves as their earning power increases and they are able to invest in better diets, improved sanitation and better health care. A healthy worker is less likely to contract disease, and this means productivity at work improves with the resultant opportunity to command higher earnings.
A clear example of the link between economic productivity and poor health is Uganda, which is situated in the east of central Africa. Recent surveys have indicated that 46% of the population is forced to live on less than $1.00 per day. Only 49% of households in Uganda have access to health care facilities. The current average life expectancy is 48 years from birth, which is estimated to be about 45 for males and 50.5 years for females. An assessment of the burden of disease in Uganda in 1995 demonstrated that 75% of life years lost as a result of premature death were due to entirely preventable diseases: perinatal and maternal conditions accounted for 20%; malaria for 15.4%; acute lower respiratory tract infections 10.5%; AIDS 9.1%; diarrhoea 8.4%. In addition, 38% of under five year olds are stunted, 25% are underweight and 5% wasted. These factors accounted for the extremely high mortality rate experienced in this age-group.
A recent report from Healthcare Worldwide makes the clearest and strongest case yet that disease has a fundamental and disastrous effect on the economies of countries and, in the long run, at the global level. The report concludes that funding increases for health from affluent and poorer countries alike are vital. Although the extra expenditure from poorer countries would be difficult to find, the report concluded that the benefits received would be worth it. It is estimated that this injection of funds into the healthcare systems of the poorer countries would result in a significant increase in productivity because people would be healthier and more able to work. The report also urges a focus on the biggest killers, from childbirth and AIDS, and on medical care at a local clinic level rather than in prestigious hospitals.
To this end, the Ugandan government has pursued a comprehensive poverty reduction strategy which has addressed the issues of access to appropriate and adequate health care by utilising the existing political structure of the country. This strategy has resulted in the incidence of poverty in Uganda falling from 56% in 1992 to 35% in 2000. The Multinational Finance Corporation (MFC) has praised the East African country for the progress it has made towards reducing poverty and has just announced its approval of a staggered $21 million loan which will be made available in three equal parts over three years beginning in 2002.
This incentive means that Uganda has become the first country this year to benefit from a Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC). This is a new approach to World Bank lending, available exclusively to low-income countries with strong policy and institutional reform programs, which allows poverty reduction strategies to be carried out.
However, the MFC notes that although the Ugandan economy has performed relatively well during 2001-2002 in achieving a 5.5% growth, Uganda would still continue to rely heavily on donor assistance. The United Nations Human Development Report for 2002 ranks Uganda as 150th out of 173 countries, and reports it is "far behind" in its attempts to gain the anticipated 10% increase. It may also be unable to reach the hoped for Millennium Development goal of halving the proportion of people suffering from hunger by 2015.
The Ugandan government is also dedicated to the control of AIDS through the Uganda AIDS Commission. In 1993, Uganda reported the highest rate of AIDS cases per population in Africa and, therefore, the world. HIV, the name given to the preliminary stages of AIDS, and AIDS, the fully developed form of the disease, are still one of the leading causes of death in Uganda. Currently, about 2.4 million people in the country are HIV positive while another 0.9 million have the fully developed form. To make matters worse, the majority of those affected with the disease are within the 15 and 40 year age group, which is where the majority of the labour force comes from. Therefore the economy suffers. However, since the introduction of the Uganda AIDS Commission, there has been a major decrease in the incidence of the disease.
The struggle to maintain adequate and appropriate levels of health care in underdeveloped countries will continue to represent a major challenge to organizations such as Healthcare Worldwide and UNICEE However, through the involvement of the more affluent countries and the development of a global fund set up by the United Nations, hope is present and there is an air of optimism about the future.
*
选项
答案
7 million
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/kBNO777K
本试题收录于:
雅思阅读题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思阅读
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
EachofQuestions1to7presentstwoquantities.QuantityAandQuantityB.Comparethetwoquantities.Youmayuseadditional
EachofQuestions1to7presentstwoquantities.QuantityAandQuantityB.Comparethetwoquantities.Youmayuseadditional
EachofQuestions1to7presentstwoquantities.QuantityAandQuantityB.Comparethetwoquantities.Youmayuseadditional
EachofQuestions1to7presentstwoquantities.QuantityAandQuantityB.Comparethetwoquantities.Youmayuseadditional
Basedonthegraphshown,whatwastheaverageyearlydecreaseinthepriceofpolyesterbetween1994and1998,inclusive?
ASCETIC:INDULGENCE::
Weoughtnotsupposethat"social"and"governmental"are______,forthedifferencesinthetwotermsarebothmanifestand_____
Asagenrethemusicalhasagreatdealto______it:itsdramaticrhythmicbeatsofalternatingfailureandsuccessare______tot
Scientistsbelievethatbyraisingatmosphericpressureandsurfacetemperature,itispossibletotransformtheclimateofMars
Bothcandidateswantedtoappealtovoterswhoarenormally(i)______withpolitics,thosewhoexpresslittleorno(ii)______th
随机试题
简述提高幼儿模仿学习效果的方法。
通过对水生生态系统的研究,提出著名“十分之一”定律的生态学家是()
A、Towinoverthemajorityofpassengersfromairlinesintwentyyears.B、ToreformrailroadmanagementinwesternEuropeancoun
女,42岁。月经量增多5年,月经周期正常,经量多时如小便样外流,妇查:子宫如孕3个月妊娠大小,表面凹凸不平,子宫左侧可扪及鸭卵大小包块,质硬与子宫分不开,无压痛,Hb60g/L。该患者应进行的治疗为
资料:F公司经营多种产品,最近两年的财务报表数据摘要如下:要求:进行以下计算、分析和判断(提示:为了简化计算和分析,计算各种财务比率时需要的存量指标如资产、所有者权益等,均使用期末数;一年按360天计算)。权益净利率变动分
我国对不正当竞争行为进行监督检查的主管部门是()。
宽大处理必须以惩办为前提。()
2011年1—7月商业营业用房每平方米销售额是办公楼每平方米销售额的()倍。
《唐律疏议.名例律》(卷六)规定:诸断罪而无正条,其应出罪者,则举重以明轻;【疏】议曰:断罪无正条者,一部律内,犯无罪名。“其应出罪者”,依贼盗律:“夜无故人人家,主人登时杀者,勿论。”假有折伤,灼然不坐。又条:“盗缌麻以上财物,节级减凡盗之罪。”若犯诈欺
自然性
最新回复
(
0
)