首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
admin
2011-05-29
71
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization, conditions Or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
选项
A、If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus generalization has occurred.
B、Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.
C、If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to induce him to drink.
D、The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage them to abstain from drinking.
答案
B
解析
本题的四个选项中,只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中倒数第二段对punishment的分析推知。A项错误,“stimulus generalization”是指喝酒时的情绪状态本身具备了外界刺激的作用,从而引发酗酒;C项错误,两种情形中的一种存在即可;D项错误,喝酒后的痛苦并不会遏制酗酒者继续喝酒。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/kD6O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Lookattheofficeplanbelow.Itshowsthevarioussectionsofasmallconsultancycompany.Forquestions6-10,decidewhichse
Lookatthenoticebelow.Itshowsalistofstandsatatradefair.Forquestions6-10,decidewhichstand(A-H)eachpersonnee
AccountsClerkWanted£12,000peryear.Experienceanadvantage.Fulltrainingprovided.Immediateavailabilityessential.Cal
•Readthearticlebelowabouthowtobuildyourcareer.•Aresentences16-22ontheoppositepage’Right’or’Wrong’?Ifth
Readthearticlebelowabouttimemanagement.ChoosethecorrectwordtofilleachgapfromA,BorContheoppositepage.For
DescribetheTypeofBusinessVentureWhentalksaboutentitybusinessplan,thefirstthingcomingintoconsiderationisto
Attendingtoawifeandsixchildren______mostofhistimes.
Imagineanaccidentinwhichanuclearpowerplantreleasesradioactivegas.Thecloudstartsmovingwiththewind.Clearly,the
(Moreandmore)oldpeoplewhose(grown-upchildren)paylittleattentiontothem(gathered)togetherandorganize(interesting
Massproduction,thedefiningcharacteristicoftheSecondWaveeconomy,becomesincreasinglyobsoleteasfirmsinstallinformat
随机试题
普通股股票持有人和债券持有人都具有参与公司决策的权利。判断:理由:
既能敛肺,又能涩肠的药是
患者,女,28岁。因反复发作双手小关节肿痛,近日在三甲医院风湿专科诊断为类风湿关节炎。目前正在服用西乐葆、来氟米特治疗。来社区医院看病、咨询。西乐葆主要有哪些副作用
在素质测评中,常用的对员工进行分类的标准有()
如果不考虑学生身心发展的特点,就会导致实际教育活动脱离学生的发展水平,这说明人的身心发展的特点是教育目的选择、确立的依据。
加盖印章的公文,成文日期一般右空()字编排。
成为由大革命失败到土地革命战争兴起的历史性转折点是()
NarratorListentopartofalectureaboutGPS.Nowgetreadytoanswerthequestions.Youmayuseyournotestohelpyo
Manythoughtfulparentswanttoshieldtheirchildrenfromfeelingsofguiltorshameinmuchthesamewaythattheywanttospa
A、Theareacoveredbythecourse.B、Thepracticeorientationofthecourse.C、Teachers’attitudetobothteachingandthestuden
最新回复
(
0
)