首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
admin
2011-05-29
104
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization, conditions Or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
选项
A、If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus generalization has occurred.
B、Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.
C、If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to induce him to drink.
D、The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage them to abstain from drinking.
答案
B
解析
本题的四个选项中,只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中倒数第二段对punishment的分析推知。A项错误,“stimulus generalization”是指喝酒时的情绪状态本身具备了外界刺激的作用,从而引发酗酒;C项错误,两种情形中的一种存在即可;D项错误,喝酒后的痛苦并不会遏制酗酒者继续喝酒。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/kD6O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Readtheemailandthenotebelow.Completetheformbelow.Writeawordorphrase(inCAPITALLETTERS)oranumberonlines41-45
ANNUALDINNERStaff:freeGuests:£10(max.Iguestperemployee)Limitedplacesavailable—BOOKNOW!Staffwhowishtoattend
To…DepartmentManagersSubject:RequestWhensendinginthismonth’sfigurestoFinance,includeadditionalcostofhiringtempo
Computersmayonedayturnnightintoday—withgoodold,naturalsunlight.Giantcomputer-controlledmirrors,thousandsoff
Computersmayonedayturnnightintoday—withgoodold,naturalsunlight.Giantcomputer-controlledmirrors,thousandsoff
NicholasChauvin,aFrenchsoldier,airedhisvenerationofNapoleonBonaparteso______andunceasinglythathebecamethelaug
Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecol
Ittales(themost)cool-headedand(good-tempered)ofdrivers(toresist)thetemptationtorevenge(assubjected)tounciviliz
Thecaptaindidnotwanttoendangerthelivesofhiscrew.(danger)______.
21.NexttoSirAndrewintheclubroomsitsCaptainSentry,agentlemanofgreatcourage,goodunderstanding,butinvinciblemod
随机试题
A.地西泮片B.塞来昔布胶囊C.卡马西平片D.颠茄浸膏片E.双氯芬酸钠二乙胺乳胶剂肌肉、软组织疼痛的患者宜选用
A、全血细胞减少B、红细胞及血小板正常C、红细胞及血红蛋白均减少D、血小板减少并有形态异常E、周围血可见大量原始和幼稚白细胞急性白血病
根据《香港特别行政区基本法》和《澳门特别行政区基本法》的规定,下列哪些选项是正确的?(2013年试卷一第61题)
事故经过某项目C、D栋连建项目施工工地因C、D栋施工至第六层,而施工塔式起重机高度不够,需要对塔式起重机顶升加节。卿某组织杨某、白某和曾某对工地塔式起重机开始进行顶升、加节作业前的清洗螺丝和做塔式起重机附着等准备工作。塔式起重机进行顶升、加节作业
下面各项中,可以反映企业偿债能力的指标是()。
西汉宣帝年间出现了一次天文现象,宣帝立即下诏说:“皇天见异,以戒朕躬,是朕之不逮、吏之不称也。”汉宣帝的认识和做法体现了()。
“优点的边缘是缺点”,你怎么理解?
公安机关应对广大社会成员进行治安形势和违法犯罪发展趋势的教育,提高其()
Lookatthelistbelow.Itshowsthecontentspagefromadirectoryofbusinessservices.Forquestions6-10,decidewhichbusin
WhenFrankDaletookoveraspublisherofLosAngelesHerrald-Examiner,theorganizationhadjustendedaten-yearstrike.There
最新回复
(
0
)