首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alc
admin
2011-05-29
93
问题
One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks.
Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.
The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.
In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization, conditions Or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.
The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.
Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.
Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
选项
A、If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulus generalization has occurred.
B、Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.
C、If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order to induce him to drink.
D、The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage them to abstain from drinking.
答案
B
解析
本题的四个选项中,只有B项为正确答案。这可从文中倒数第二段对punishment的分析推知。A项错误,“stimulus generalization”是指喝酒时的情绪状态本身具备了外界刺激的作用,从而引发酗酒;C项错误,两种情形中的一种存在即可;D项错误,喝酒后的痛苦并不会遏制酗酒者继续喝酒。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/kD6O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
•Lookatthechartbelow.Itshowsacountry’sunemploymentrate.inflationrateandtherateofGDPgrowthduringeightquarters
HowtosetpricesThemethodsadoptedinpricesettingarecrucialtoanybusiness.Whensettingprices,remembercostswill
AimsofAssetManagementAimofassetmanagementistoachievegreatesteffectivenessandprofitabilityfromproductionand
Areyoualwayssureyouknowwhatpeoplemeanwhentheytrytodescribetheirfeelingstoyou?Weusebothwordsandgesturesto
TheorieshavefeaturesthatareAindicativeoftheirtruth,andthetaskofjustificationistoidentifythesefeaturesandBusi
Changesinthevolumeofunemploymentaregovernedbythreefundamentalforces:thegrowthofthelaborforce,theincreaseino
Potentiallyofferingapowerfulnewtoolagainstterrorism,researchershavefoundanovelwaytodetectdeception:intheliar’
Theoppositionleaderaccusedgovernmentministersof______thestatisticstosuitthemselves.
Accordingtotheauthor,allanimals______.
Theyear1400openedwithmorepeacefulnessthanusualinEngland.Onlyafewmonthsbefore,RichardⅡ,weak,wicked,andtreach
随机试题
中段尿细菌定量培养≥105/ml,称为真性菌尿,可确诊尿路感染。
给病人测量血压时袖带过松
下列选项中,不属于另类投资局限性的是()。
保理商承担全部风险的保理方式有()。
确定股东是否有权领取本期股利的截止日期是()。
萨维尼认为,法律同语言一样是“民族精神”最重要的表达形式之一。这种深奥的思想至少包含着这样的观点,即法律远不仅是规章准则或司法判例的累积,它反映并展示了整个文化概貌。民族或人民的精神囊括了全部民族史,同时也是社会群体通过追溯它本身生存的进程而获得的集体经
在考生文件夹下有一个数据库文件“samp2.accdb”,其中存在已经设计好的两个表对象“tTeacher1”和“tTeacher2”。请按以下要求完成设计。创建一个查询,按输入的参加工作时间的月份查找,并显示教师的“编号”“姓名”“年龄”和“性别”四
Whydoesthemansaythis:
A、Gotocollege.B、Getgoodgrades.C、Pursueacareer.D、Followherinterests.D由句(7)可知,Julia在上学期间得到的建议是做自己喜欢的事,因为这些将是她自己未来所擅长的。
【S1】【S8】
最新回复
(
0
)