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  3. The ratio between payments into and out of a country is known as the country’s balance of payments. Besides the value of imports

The ratio between payments into and out of a country is known as the country’s balance of payments. Besides the value of imports

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问题      The ratio between payments into and out of a country is known as the country’s balance of payments. Besides the value of imports, and exports (the balance of trade), the balance of payments includes private foreign loans (and interest); loans by governments, central banks, and international organizations; and movements of gold or reserve currencies.
     An international medium of exchange is required for international trade.  From the late 1800s until World War Ⅰ, most countries operated on the gold standard. Gold coins of standard specifications circulated freely between countries, making gold in effect an international currency. This system provided an automatic correction for some trade imbalances, but it had little liquidity (the money supply could not expand as rapidly as required by expanding trade), and it was vulnerable to short-term changes in the gold supply.
     After the financial instability of the 1930s, the international monetary(货币的) system was rebuilt following  World War Ⅱ on the gold-exchange standard. The values of most national currencies were fixed in relation to the U. S. dollar; reserves were kept in dollars, which could be exchanged on demand for gold at a set price (＄35 an ounce until 1968). The International Monetary Fund (IMF), a key institution set up under this system, makes international loans with capital subscribed by its members which include most noncommunist states. Voting rights are proportional to the amounts subscribed. The IMF has been able, through its loans, to stabilize fluctuating currencies and to influence the internal financial policies of recipient(接受的) countries, a frequently criticized practice.
     The success of the gold-exchange standard, however, depended on the superior position of the United States in world trade. In the 1960s, continual balance of payments deficits(赤字) lowered U. S. gold re serves and fatally undermined the system. In 1968 a two-tiered(两极的) system was adopted. Government banks maintained fixed gold prices, while nongovernmental buyers traded freely. Simultaneously, non-dollar special drawing rights (SDRs) were assigned to IMF members in proportion to their contributions. But these changes did not relieve strain on the U. S. dollar. In 1971 President Richard Nixon announced that dollars would no longer automatically be exchanged for gold, and since then there has been no single international monetary standard.  
According to the passage, since World War I the international monetary system has shown an overall trend toward ______.
选项 A、tying the value of world currencies to the value of gold
B、greater centralized control of world trade
C、substituting several different monetary standards for a single unified standard
D、increasingly stable currencies
答案C
解析 细节题。答案可从文中最后一句得出，即1971年尼克松总统宣布美元不再自动兑换黄金，从那时起已无单一的货币单位。这和C意思一致。A与第二段第二句18世纪末到第一次世界大战为止，多数国家采用金本位不符；选项B文中未提；由第三段关键词instability和fluctuating currencies可以判断D与文章不符。
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