首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Alcohol abuse and dependence are serious problems affecting 10 percent of adult Americans, and the toll is high: 3 out of 100 de
Alcohol abuse and dependence are serious problems affecting 10 percent of adult Americans, and the toll is high: 3 out of 100 de
admin
2013-01-20
21
问题
Alcohol abuse and dependence are serious problems affecting 10 percent of adult Americans, and the toll is high: 3 out of 100 deaths in the United States can be linked directly to alcohol. In addition to traffic crashes, injuries in the home and on the job, and serious long-term medical consequences, alcohol abuse has been implicated in aggression and crime.
Although patterns vary, it is possible to classify drinkers as social drinkers, alcohol abusers, and alcohol-dependent persons. While alcohol consumption is never entirely a risk-free activity, these categories represent a range from relatively benign to extremely problematic.
An evaluation of treatment for any alcohol-related disorder must be situated historically. For nearly 200 years, the explanation of alcoholism as a disease competed with explanations in which character or moral defects were believed to lead to problematic drinking behavior.
Evidence accumulated, however, suggesting that alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence are distinguishable. ’’Alcohol abuse" refers either to transitory or long-term problems in accomplishing basic living activities in which alcohol is implicated, and "alcohol dependence" describes a severe disability in which dependence brings about a reduction in the individual’s ability to control the drinking behavior.
This delineation was endorsed in 1987 by the Institute of Medicine, which defined alcohol abuse as "repetitive patterns of heavy drinking associated with impairment of functioning and/or health" and discussed alcoholism (dependency) as a separate phenomenon. Alcohol dependence is associated with additional symptoms such as craving, tolerance, and physical dependence that bring about changes in the importance of drinking in the individual’s life, and impaired ability to exercise behavioral restraint.
The distinction has important clinical implications. For some nondependent alcohol abusers, drinking patterns may be modified by
exhortations
or by societal sanctions. For alcohol-dependent persons, exhortations and sanctions are insufficient, and the goal of modified drinking inappropriate. The goal for these persons is abstinence, and a range of treatment options is available, including pharmacologic interventions, psychotherapy, and counseling. But even alcohol-dependent persons do not constitute a homogeneous group. They are not identical in personality, life experiences, family characteristics and social status. Knowledge of the differences among alcohol-dependent persons is important because research shows that alcoholism treatment methods are differentially effective according to patient characteristics. (365 words)
What does "exhortations" (Line 2, Para. 6) mean?
选项
A、Persuasions.
B、Explanations.
C、Explorations.
D、Compositions.
答案
A
解析
exhortation是“劝告”之意,与persuasion接近,故选A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/kg2O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
TestshaveconfirmedthatfourpeopleinWisconsincontractedthemonkeypoxvirusaftercomingintoclosecontactwithpetprair
Sincetheearly1990s,conservationistshave______protectingtheAmazoninpartbecauseofitsabundanceofplantandanimalspe
Ourape-menforefathershadnoobviousnaturalweaponsinthestruggleforsurvivalintheopen.Theyhadneitherthepowerfult
Therearethreeseparatesourcesofhazard【1】totheuseofnuclearreactiontosupplyuswithenergy.Firstly,theradioactivem
Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme.heshould______hisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.
Inthispart,youareaskedtowriteanessayaccordingtotheoutlinegiven.Yourcompositionshouldbeabout200words.Rememb
JapanremainstiedtotheWesterncamppartlybecausetherelationshiphasbecome______tohereconomyandpoliticsoverfortyye
Writeanessayonthegiventopic,OnunrestrainedConsumption.Basedonthefollowingoutline,presentyourargumentwithsuppo
InJuly,almostunnoticedbythenationalpress,adeadlybirdvirusarrivedonapheasantfarminSurrey.ExpertsfromtheDepa
InJuly,almostunnoticedbythenationalpress,adeadlybirdvirusarrivedonapheasantfarminSurrey.ExpertsfromtheDepa
随机试题
公文的抄送机关是指()。
著作权的转让
在工程建设中,与建设工程监理制相配套的有关制度是()。
时标网络图如下,下列选项正确的是()。
某企业2015年总成本比2014年上升了5%,产量增加了2%,则单位成本提高了()。
《选举法》属于()。
完全竞争产业中某厂商的成本函数为TC=q3-6q2+30q+40,假设产品的价格为66元。(1)求利润最大时的产量及利润总额;(2)若市场价格为30元,在此价格下,厂商是否会发生亏损?如果会,最小亏损额为多少?(3)该厂商在什
一、注意事项1.本试卷由给定资料与作答要求两部分构成。2.第一题、第二题、第五题,所有考生都必须作答。第三题仅限行政执法类、市(地)以下综合管理类职位的考生作答。第四题仅限考省级(含副省级)以上综合管理类职位的考生作答
WithAirbus’sgiantA380airlinerabouttotaketotheskies,youmightthinkplanescouldnotgetmuchbiggerandyouwouldbe
Welearnfromthepassagethatanemotioniscreatedbysomething______.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
最新回复
(
0
)