首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India
admin
2016-08-02
35
问题
Recently anti patent arguments have been advanced with regards to HIV and AIDS drugs. Governments and companies in Brazil, India, Thailand and Uganda have started to challenge patents monopolies on medicine, arguing that human lives are more important than patents, copyright, international trade laws, and the economic interest of the pharmaceutical industry. Anti-retroviral therapy has long been unaffordable for people suffering from HIV/AIDS in developing countries, and proponents of generic antiviral drugs argue that the human need justifies the breach of patent law. When the Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization started producing generic antiviral drugs in March 2002 the cost of a monthly treatment for one person plummeted from $ 500- $ 750 to $ 30, hence making treatment more affordable. In response the US government placed Thailand on the list of "copyright violators" despite the fact that the production of antiviral drugs is not subject to copyright, even in the United States. In 2007 the government of Brazil declared Merck’s efavirenz anti-retroviral drug a "public interest" medicine, and challenged Merck to negotiate lower prices with the government or have Brazil strip the patent by issuing a compulsory license.
It is reported that Ghana, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ethiopia have similar plans to produce generic antiviral drugs. Western pharmaceutical companies initially responded with legal challenges, but some have now promised to introduce alternative pricing structures for developing countries and NGOs.
Campaigns for affordable access to medicines, such as Oxfam, argue that developing countries are dependent on foreign pharmaceutical companies. Quoting a recent World Health Organisation report, Trevor Jones argues that patent monopolies do not create monopoly pricing. He argues that the companies given monopolies "set prices largely on the willingness/ability to pay, also taking into account the country, disease and regulation" instead of receiving competition from legalized generics.
Under World Trade Organization(WTO)rules, a developing country has options for obtaining needed medications under compulsory licensing or importation of cheaper versions of the drugs, even before patent expiration. In July 2008 Nobel Prize-winning scientist Sir John Sulston criticised the "moral corruption" of the medical industry. Amongst others Sulston said that the world is at a crisis point in terms of getting medicines to sick people, particularly in the developing world, Sulston called for an international biomedical treaty to clear up issues over patents.
In response to these criticisms against pharmaceutical patents it has been pointed out that less than 5% of medicines on the WHO’s essential drugs list are subject to patent monopoly and that countries who believe that these monopolies are impeding health care may not be aware that the medicines in question, particularly for HIV/AIDS related drugs, are not patented in their country.
Western pharmaceutical companies______.
选项
A、promise to help Africa’s developing countries
B、guarantee to lower the prices of patented drugs
C、challenge the illegal production of antiviral drugs
D、may lower prices of antiviral drugs in poor countries
答案
D
解析
根据第二段最后一句中的“some have now promised to introduce alternative pricing structuresfor developing countries…”可知,一些西方医药公司准备在发展中国家采用不同的定价方法。所以,D应为答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/kooZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
JohnStuartMillarguedinthe19thcenturythatanindividualshouldbefreetodoashepleased,solongashedidnotharman
Whatisawomanworth?Thatisthequestionthathastobefacedbydivorcingcouplesandbytheirlawyers.Theanswersseemto
Ifyou’relikemostpeople,you’rewaytoosmartforadvertising.Youfliprightpastnewspaperadsandneverclickonadsonlin
TheRomanticMovementemphasizedthecreativeartistratherthanthenaturalworldastheoriginofbeauty.【F1】Accordingtothe
Lawyersarelessthan1%ofAmericanadults,【C1】______theyarewell-representedingovernment.Boththepresidentandthevice-p
Marriageis,formanypeople,theirmostimportantrelationship,thesourceofmuchhappiness,and,forsome,evenaddsextraye
Overfishingofoneoftheocean’stoppredatorshastriggeredalethalchainreactionthatthreatenstodecimatepopulationsof
Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelyto
Overfishingofoneoftheocean’stoppredatorshastriggeredalethalchainreactionthatthreatenstodecimatepopulationsof
Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelyto
随机试题
我国证券投资咨询行业执业道德的十六字原则是()。
Asheappliedsunscreentohisyoungdaughter’sface,DaraO’Rourke,professorofenvironmentalandlabourpolicyattheUniver
滤泡性淋巴瘤的特点是
围绕法律概念的争议,不同的理论家有不同的观点和见解。下列哪一法学流派在定义法概念时,并不看重法律的实然效力?
1998年8月15日,甲工厂与乙机电安装公司签订机械设备安装合同,合同约定由乙公司在同年11月16日之前为甲工厂安装一套进口成套机械设备,甲工厂在工程完成后15天内全部支付工程款30万元。乙公司在同年11月日提前完成安装工作,经甲工厂验收合格,但甲工厂拒不
要求:根据所给资料分析企业处理中存在的问题,并计算正确的应纳各种税费,并进行账务调整。(对所有计算过程及结果保留两位小数)资料:济南市区某酒厂,为增值税一般纳税人,具有进出口经营权。主营A牌薯类白酒、B牌啤酒产品境内生产、销售,并向国外出口A牌薯类白酒。
目前,个人征信系统的信息来源主要是()。
()是扩大人民民主、发展社会主义民主政治的重要支撑。
早期的智能手环厂商抛出了健康管理的概念,却并未进行深度的数据挖掘,智能手环的概念由热转冷,其在销量上的______便在意料之中。相应地,市场上涌入了大量的廉价产品,在市场不成熟状态下大打价格战,直接导致外界对于可穿戴行业的______。
2019年5月,全国12358价格监管平台受理价格举报、投诉、咨询共计37576件,同比下降40.70%,环比下降9.31%。其中,价格举报4192件,环比下降19.06%;价格投诉2059件,环比下降15.92%;价格咨询31325件,环比下降7.34%
最新回复
(
0
)