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  3. THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY The Deporrmenr of Ethnography was created as a separate department within the British Museum in 1

THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY The Deporrmenr of Ethnography was created as a separate department within the British Museum in 1

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问题                  THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOGRAPHY

The Deporrmenr of Ethnography was created as a separate department within the British Museum in 1946, after 140 years of gradual development from the original Deportment of Antiquities. If is concerned with the people of Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Pacific and parts of Europe. While this includes complex kingdoms, as in Africa, and ancient empires, such as those of the Americas, the primary focus of attention in the twentieth century has been on small-scale societies. Through its collections, the Department’s specific interest is to document how objects are created and used, and to understand their importance and significance to those who produce them. Such objects can include both the extraordinary and the mundane, the beautiful and the banal.
The collections of the Department of Ethnography include approximately 300,000 artefacts, of which about half are the product of the present century. The Department has a vital role to play in providing information on non-Western cultures to visitors ond scholars. To this end, the collecting emphasis has often been less on individual objects than on groups of material which allow the display of a broad range of a society’s cultural expressions.
Much of the more recent collecting was carried out in the field, sometimes by Museum staff working on general anrhro-pological projects in collaboration with a wide variety of national governments and other institutions. The material collected includes great technical series - for instance, of textiles from Bolivia, Guatemala, Indonesia and areas of West Africa - or of artefact types such as boots. The latter include working examples of coracles from India, reed boars from Lake Tiricaco in the Andes, kayaks from the Arctic, and dug-out canoes from several countries. The field assemblages, such as rhose from the Sudan, Madagascar and Yemen, include a whole range of material culture represenrative of one people. This mighr cover the necessities of life of on Africon herdsman or on Arabian farmer, ritual objects, or even on occasion airport art. Again, a series of acquisitions might represent a decade’s fieldwork documenting social experience as expressed in the varieties of clothing and jewellery styles, tents and camel trappings from various Middle Eastern countries, or in the developing preferences in personal adornment and dress from Papua New Guinea. Particularly interesting are a series of collections which continue to document the evolution of ceremony and of material forms for which rhe Department already possesses early(if not the earliesr)collections formed after the first contact with Europeans.
The importance of these acquisitions extends beyond the objects themselves. They come to the Museum with documentation of the social context, ideally including photographic records. Such acquisitions have multiple purposes. Most significantly they document for future change. Most people think of the cultures represented in the collection in terms of the absence of advanced technology. In fact, traditional practices draw on a continuing wealth of technological ingenuity. Limited resources and ecological constraints are often overcome by personal skills that would be regarded as exceptional in the West. Of growing interest is the way in which much of what we might see as disposable is, elsewhere, recycled and reused.
With the independence of much of Asia and Africa after 1945, it was assumed that economic progress would rapidly lead to the disappearance or assimilation of many small-scale societies. Therefore, it was felt that the Museum should acquire materials representing people whose art or material culture, ritual or political structures were on rhe point of irrevocable change. This attitude altered with the realisation that marginal communiries can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration info a notoriously fickle world economy. Since rhe seventeenth century, wirh rhe advent of trading companies exporting manufactured Textiles to North America and Asia, the importation of cheap goods has often contributed to the destruction of local skills and indigenous markers. On rhe one hand modern imported goods may be used in an everyday setting, while on the other hand other traditional objects may still be required for ritually significant events. Within this context trade and exchange attitudes are inverted. What are utilitarian objects to a Westerner may be prized objects in other cultures - when transformed by local ingenuity - principally for aesthetic value. In the same way, the West imports goods from other peoples and in certain circumstances categorises them as ’art’.
Collections act as an ever-expanding database, not merely for scholars and anrhropologists, but for people involved in a whole range of educational and artistic purposes. These include schools and universiries as well as colleges of art and design. The provision of informarion abour non-Western aesthetics and techniques, not just for designers and artists but for all visitors, is a growing responsibility for a Department whose own context is an increasingly multicultural European society.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage
FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
Example                       Answer
The Department of Ethnography    FALSE
replaced the Department of Antiquities
at the British Museum.
Many small-scale societies have survived and adapted in spite of predictions to the contrary.
选项
答案TRUE // T
解析
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