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  3. What, then, are Kant’s aims in the first Critique? First, in opposition to Hume, to show that synthetic a priori knowledge is po

What, then, are Kant’s aims in the first Critique? First, in opposition to Hume, to show that synthetic a priori knowledge is po

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问题    What, then, are Kant’s aims in the first Critique? First, in opposition to Hume, to show that synthetic a priori knowledge is possible, and to offer examples of it. Secondly, in opposition to Leibniz, to demonstrate that "pure reason" alone, operating outside the constraints placed on it by experience, leads only to illusion, so that there is no a priori knowledge of "things-in-themselves". It is normal to divide the Critique into two parts, in accordance with this division of subjects, and to describe the first part as " Analytic" , the second as the " Dialectic". While this division does not correspond exactly to Kant’s division of chapters (which is exceedingly complex and bristles with technicalities) , it is sufficiently close not to be misleading. The terms "analytic" and "dialectic" are Kant’s; and so is the bifurcation of the argument. In the first part Kant’s defence of objectivity is expounded, and it is with the argument of the " analytic" that I shall begin, for, until it is grasped, it will be impossible to understand the nature either of Kant’s metaphysics, or of the moral, aesthetic, and political theories that he later derived from it.
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答案 那么，康德在第一部《批判》中的目的是什么?首先，与休谟相对，其目的是说明先天综合知识可能存在，并举出了相关例证。其次，与莱布尼茨相对，证明若不顾经验的约束运作，单独的“纯粹理性”只能导致幻相，因此不存在关于“物自身”的先天知识。通常，根据这样的主题划分，我们将第一部《批判》分为两部分，称第一部分为“分析性的”，第二部分为“辩证性的”。尽管这样的划分与康德对章节的划分(极为复杂，充满了专业术语)并非完全对应，但却相当接近，不会令人产生误解。除了术语的“分析性”和“辩证性”，康德还运用了论证的两分法。第一部分详细阐释了康德对客观性的辩护；我将从论证“分析性”入手，因为只有把握了这部分才可能理解康德形而上学的本质，理解日后他从中发展出来的道德、美学和政治理论的本质。
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