首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Scientists studying the activity of the living brain with widely used new imaging techniques have been missing some of the earli
Scientists studying the activity of the living brain with widely used new imaging techniques have been missing some of the earli
admin
2012-07-13
30
问题
Scientists studying the activity of the living brain with widely used new imaging techniques have been missing some of the earliest steps in brain activity because those changes are subtle and are masked by reactions that happen seconds later, Israeli scientists say.
The imaging techniques — positron emission tomography scanning and magnetic resonance imaging, known as PET and functional M. R. I. scans — are used prominently in studies of brain activity. The most active brain areas appear to light up on the scans as specific tasks are performed. The two techniques do not measure nerve-cell activity directly; they measure the extra flow of blood that surges to the most active brain areas.
Researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, have monitored these changes in blood flow in anesthetized cats by removing parts of the skull and observing how the nerve cells in activated regions fuel their activities by rapidly removing oxygen from nearby red blood cells.
This rapid uptake of oxygen, made evident by visible changes in the color of the red cells, proves that early oxygen transfer gives these neurons the energy to do their work, the researchers said.
They also found that subtle changes in blood flow began significantly earlier than was detected by PET and functional M. R. I. scans, which lack sufficient
resolution
and do not form their images quickly enough to follow such rapid changes. Dr. Amiram Grinvald published the findings in the Journal Science.
"The initial event is very localized and will be missed if you don’t look for it soon enough and use the highest possible resolution," Dr. Grinvald said. " Now people are beginning to use our results with other imaging methods. "
Working on the exposed brain lets researchers follow electrical activity and the accompanying blood flow in greater detail than is possible by using indirect imaging methods that track neural activity through the skull. However, opportunities for open-skull studies of humans are limited to some kinds of neurosurgery, and researchers must mostly rely on PET and functional M. R. I. images for studies linking behavior with specific brain activity.
By directly observing exposed cat brains and in similar work with a few human cases, Dr. Grinvald and his associates have been able to observe the first evidence of electrical activity and other changes in brain cells after a light has been seen or a limb moved.
The newest research showed that it took three seconds or more after an event for the flow of blood to increase to an area of the brain dealing with a stimulus. That is the blood-flow increase usually pictured in brain-function studies with PET or functional M. R. I techniques, the Israeli researchers said. However, the initial reaction observed in the Weizmann research by directly imaging the exposed brain — the direct transfer of oxygen from blood cells to neurons — occurred in the first-tenth of a second and was lost to conventional imaging, they said.
The later increase in blood flow to the area, Dr. Grinvald said, was obviously an attempt by the body to supply more oxygen for brain activity. But the increase in blood was so abundant that it covered an area much larger than the region directly involved in the activity being studied, masking some of the subtle changes, he said.
The body’s reaction, the researchers said in the paper, was like "watering the entire garden for the sake of one thirsty flower. "
Dr. Kamil Ugurbil, said that the Israeli research provided clues that allowed the use of functional M. R. I. scans to picture earlier events in the activity of brain cells.
"Dr. Grinvald’s observations are very important, and they have significant implications for functional imaging with high resolution," Dr. Ugurbil said in an interview. " We have actually been able to look at the early changes with magnetic resonance imaging, but you need to use higher magnetic fields to see them clearly because they are small effects. "
By timing their images more carefully and by using stronger magnetic fields than normal, he said, researchers have used Dr. Grinvald’s findings to study early neuronal responses to stimuli at smaller, more specific sites in the brain.
According to the passage, scientists can’t observe some of the earliest steps in brain activity because______.
选项
A、those changes are subtle and masked by some reactions
B、subtle changes in blood flow began earlier
C、the imaging techniques are out of place
D、the flow of blood to increase to an area of the brain is slow
答案
A
解析
细节题型见第一段,因此答案为A。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lRgO777K
本试题收录于:
CATTI二级笔译综合能力题库翻译专业资格(CATTI)分类
0
CATTI二级笔译综合能力
翻译专业资格(CATTI)
相关试题推荐
ThedeathofDiana,PrincessofWales,onAug.31,1997,shookBritainandtheworld.TheNewYorkTimesaskedjournalistswhoc
America’smorecapitalistsportsfanscommonlyacknowledgethattheircountry’smostpopularsports,liketheNationalFootball
Studentsarepressedtogotocollegefromthetimethey’reenougholdforreceivingthesocietalmessagethatcollegeistheon
Theworsttimeforthecompanywasprobablythemid-1990s,whenarapidexpansionplungedoperationsmanagementinto________.
LenovosaidlastyearitwasconsideringmovingsomeproductiontoJapan,inamoveclearlyaimedatplacatingNEC’sJapanesecu
Thesimpleactofsurrenderingatelephonenumbertoastoreclerkmaynotseemharmful—somuchsothatmanyconsumersdoitwi
Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas_________totheissueathand.
TheCommissionisexpectedtoproposeallowingpeopletochoosewhichlegaljurisdictiontheywouldcomeunder,basedontheir(
ThegeneralmanagerdemandedthejobwillbecompletedbeforetheSpringFestivalholidays.
随机试题
釉质生长线又称
可采用冲击法拔除的下颌智齿类型是A.近中阻生B.舌向阻生C.颊向阻生D.垂直高位阻生E.倒置阻生
某男患者,年过不惑,既溏泻、脱肛,又阳痿、肢冷。《中国药典》上将炙甘草的质量控制成分定为()。
下列哪种中药处方除写清一般处方全部内容外,处方中的有关内容还需造册登记( )。
张先生提前为三岁的儿子未来的小学教育进行投资规划,下列投资中比较适合的是()。
下列关于两项资产构成的投资组合的表述中,正确的有()。
《中国共产党党内法规制定程序暂行条例》指出:最根本的党内法规是()。
三种商品的价格指数为109%,其分子与分母之差为500元,则结果表明()。
y"一2y’一3y=e-x的通解为________.
在数据库系统的组织结构中,把概念数据库与物理数据库联系起来的映射是()。
最新回复
(
0
)