首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Statistics I. Statistics in 【T1】______ 【T1】______ A. Irregularities in the balloting: the third-party candidate Pat Buchanan go
Statistics I. Statistics in 【T1】______ 【T1】______ A. Irregularities in the balloting: the third-party candidate Pat Buchanan go
admin
2020-06-04
34
问题
Statistics
I. Statistics in 【T1】______ 【T1】______
A. Irregularities in the balloting: the third-party
candidate Pat Buchanan got 【T2】______of 【T2】______
votes than he did elsewhere.
B. The defendant is guilty or not
- Expert: a. A DNA sample 【T3】______. 【T3】______
b. The possibility of odds is one in
million.
- Defense lawyer: if in a city of three million
people, there are 【T4】______matching each 【T4】______
other’s DNA.
II. Statistics in cases against 【T5】______ 【T5】______
A. Universities add additional points to minority
group students. They unlawfully make a/an
【T6】______for those students. 【T6】______
B.Annie was kept from 【T7】______. Her lawyer 【T7】______
used statistics to show that workers with the same
qualifications who were not in 【T8】______were 【T8】______
promoted.
C. Tobacco companies started to lose cases because
of 【T9】______. 【T9】______
-Statistics should be 【T10】______along with 【T10】______
other evidence.
III.【T11】______ 【T11】______
A. 【T12】______: 【T12】______
- Bert could no longer work.
- Statisticians predict how long he would have
worked and how much he would have made.
B. Multiple regression analysis:
- Statisticians find 【T13】______for all the 【T13】______
sample data when 【T14】______are at work. 【T14】______
IV. Statistics on the witness stand
A. experts know how to 【T15】______ 【T15】______
B. cross examine and challenge the validity of
statistics
【T10】
Statistics
Today, we are going to study on statistics. Firstly, let’s see the effect of statistics in the courtroom. After the November 2000 election, Americans waited while court challenges debated who won Florida’s electoral votes. In Palm Beach County, third-party candidate Pat Buchanan got a higher percentage of votes than he did elsewhere. Was that because the country’s "butterfly ballot" caused many Albert Gore supporters to punch the wrong hole? Lawyers also argued about other claimed irregularities in the balloting.
The Supreme Court finally stopped all vote recounts in early December. But if Gore’s statistical arguments had convinced the judges, he would have become president instead of George W. Bush. More than ever, plaintiffs must often prove their case with numbers. Let’s see how statistics is taking center stage in some other courtroom cases.
Let’s see the first case whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Imagine you’re on the jury in a murder case. An expert testifies about DNA evidence. She says that a sample from the crime scene matches a defendant’s. She also gives the odds that someone else would randomly match the tested fragments. If the odds are one in a million, that makes it sound very likely that the defendant is, in fact, guilty. The defense lawyer may try to counter that by saying that in a city of three million people, at least two others would also probably match. Of course, the defendant was not arrested at random. Almost always, police have some other evidence linking a person to a crime. But the statistics supporting DNA evidence may be just the proof needed to find someone guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Now, I would like you to look at the cases against unjust discrimination.
In a U.S. Supreme Court case earlier this year, lawyers argued over whether a state university’s admissions plan unlawfully added points for students from certain minority groups. Statistically, that made it easier for those students to get in. Statistics factors into other discrimination cases, too. Suppose Annie claims that unlawful discrimination kept her from getting a promotion. Her lawyers may use statistics to show that workers with the same qualifications were significantly more likely to get promotions if they were male or not in a minority group. If the employer can’t show that Annie didn’t do her job well, she could then win her case.
Age, family history, exercise habits, diet, weight, and other factors affect the likelihood of developing cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses. For years, tobacco companies said that smoking was not the cause of plaintiffs getting sick. They won most cases against them. Then, judges and juries listened to statistical evidence that even when other factors were equal, smokers had much higher disease risks. Finally, some cases started to hold tobacco companies liable, or legally responsible.
Of course, the plaintiffs had other evidence, too. Tobacco companies’ own documents showed that they knew about disease risks. Yet their ads still targeted young people. In other words, the statistics did not stand alone. When using statistics, it is important to understand that statistical evidence complements other forms of evidence. Statistical evidence should be evaluated along with other evidence and not alone.
And then how can the court work out the compensation the victims should gain? Statistics help add up damages actually. Statistics help decide how much people or companies must pay if they are liable. Suppose a defect in a car caused an accident. As a result, Bert could no longer work. Statistics could show how long Bert would otherwise have worked and how much he probably would have made. When two variables correlate with each other statisticians can often predict one value from another with regression analysis. If someone plotted all the data points on a scatter plot, the analysis would find the line with the best fit through them.
But suppose that people in case claimed that nearby pollution lowered property values for a whole neighborhood. It may be unfair just to match sale prices with distance from the pollution, or to compare average prices with another town. After all, many factors affect property values: style of house, size, age, number of bathrooms, and so forth. That’s where multiple regression analysis can help. It finds the "best fit" for all the sample data when multiple independent variables are at work. It nets out the effects of all these things that are different, so that you are comparing apples to apples.
You will also know that statistics have the power on the witness stand. Good statistical experts make numbers "user-friendly" for the judge and jury. Many use high-tech graphics and other tools to present their conclusions. But ’statistics can be and have been misused, typically when people have interpreted that statistics to mean more than they really do. A good statistician is careful to explain just how reliable the statistics really are. Cross-examination lets each side attack the other side’s analysis flawed. Were data accurate, or may they have been biased? What was the margin of error? Did one unusual observation, or outlier, unfairly affect the outcome?
Finally, the jury weighs statistical evidence along with all the other evidence. The verdict makes a real difference in the lives of parties to a case — and to our justice system.
Today, we’ve talked about the magic of statistics working in various fields and events, like in the court, in the issues against discrimination, in calculating damages and on the testimony. I hope you would have had a good time.
选项
答案
evaluated
解析
细节题。讲座中明确提到数据证据需要和其他证据一起评价:Statistical evidence should be evaluated along with other evidence and not alone.因此答案为evaluated。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lcbK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
HowtoSpeakGoodEnglishManylearnershavedifficultyincommunicatingduetothelackofconfidenceandrightmethods.T
HowtoSpeakGoodEnglishManylearnershavedifficultyincommunicatingduetothelackofconfidenceandrightmethods.T
PASSAGETHREEWhatisthechallengeforbigcompaniesintermsofconsumermarket?
Literature,especially【T1】______,givespeopleagreaterappreciationforhistoryinanon-historicalway.【T2】______remainthe
A、Classicsrecommendedbytheschool.B、ClassicsonwhichDisneyfilmsarebased.C、Storiesaboutmurdersandpoetry.D、Stories
FiveCommonMistakesinConversationandTheirSolutionsI.NotlisteningA.Problem:mostpeopledon’tlisten—waiteagerlyf
WritingExperimentalReportsI.Contentofanexperimentalreport,e.g.—studysubject/area—studypurpose【T1】______【T1】______
Miserymaylovecompany,butthiswasridiculous.MorethanamillionIBMstockholderslastweektookanightmarerideonasto
StatisticsI.Statisticsin【T1】______【T1】______A.Irregularitiesintheballoting:thethird-partycandidatePatBuchanango
随机试题
无论生活多难,我们都不会失去信心。
一般而言,不良反应最小的抗菌药物作用部位为
脏腑湿热证的共同特点是
房地产抵押的特征是()。
两段湿水曲柳木板,室内常温,在荷载V作用下,采用螺栓连接,如图所示,螺栓受剪截面的设计承载力与______项数值接近。
冯.诺依曼结构指出,计算机系统是由()组成的。
设立基金管理公司,应当具备的条件有()。I.有符合《中华人民共和国证券投资基金法》和《中华人民共和国公司法》规定的章程Ⅱ.注册资本不低于3亿元人民币,且必须为实缴货币资本Ⅲ.取得基金从业资格的人员达到法定人数
A公司是一家IT公司,近年来A公司的规模不断扩大,业务量不断上升,公司人力资源部门的经理认为今后该公司的软件开发业务将成为该公司的主要业务,于是制订了相关的人力资源培训计划,要求公司对负责软件开发业务的员工进行培训,并选派优秀者去国外学习新的软件开发技术,
法律一经制定颁布,便具有相对稳定性和严肃性,不得因人而异、随时随意更改,这体现了法律手段的()
______(我不太想去参加那个音乐会),butIhadtopretendIwanted.
最新回复
(
0
)