首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Statistics I. Statistics in 【T1】______ 【T1】______ A. Irregularities in the balloting: the third-party candidate Pat Buchanan go
Statistics I. Statistics in 【T1】______ 【T1】______ A. Irregularities in the balloting: the third-party candidate Pat Buchanan go
admin
2020-06-04
29
问题
Statistics
I. Statistics in 【T1】______ 【T1】______
A. Irregularities in the balloting: the third-party
candidate Pat Buchanan got 【T2】______of 【T2】______
votes than he did elsewhere.
B. The defendant is guilty or not
- Expert: a. A DNA sample 【T3】______. 【T3】______
b. The possibility of odds is one in
million.
- Defense lawyer: if in a city of three million
people, there are 【T4】______matching each 【T4】______
other’s DNA.
II. Statistics in cases against 【T5】______ 【T5】______
A. Universities add additional points to minority
group students. They unlawfully make a/an
【T6】______for those students. 【T6】______
B.Annie was kept from 【T7】______. Her lawyer 【T7】______
used statistics to show that workers with the same
qualifications who were not in 【T8】______were 【T8】______
promoted.
C. Tobacco companies started to lose cases because
of 【T9】______. 【T9】______
-Statistics should be 【T10】______along with 【T10】______
other evidence.
III.【T11】______ 【T11】______
A. 【T12】______: 【T12】______
- Bert could no longer work.
- Statisticians predict how long he would have
worked and how much he would have made.
B. Multiple regression analysis:
- Statisticians find 【T13】______for all the 【T13】______
sample data when 【T14】______are at work. 【T14】______
IV. Statistics on the witness stand
A. experts know how to 【T15】______ 【T15】______
B. cross examine and challenge the validity of
statistics
【T10】
Statistics
Today, we are going to study on statistics. Firstly, let’s see the effect of statistics in the courtroom. After the November 2000 election, Americans waited while court challenges debated who won Florida’s electoral votes. In Palm Beach County, third-party candidate Pat Buchanan got a higher percentage of votes than he did elsewhere. Was that because the country’s "butterfly ballot" caused many Albert Gore supporters to punch the wrong hole? Lawyers also argued about other claimed irregularities in the balloting.
The Supreme Court finally stopped all vote recounts in early December. But if Gore’s statistical arguments had convinced the judges, he would have become president instead of George W. Bush. More than ever, plaintiffs must often prove their case with numbers. Let’s see how statistics is taking center stage in some other courtroom cases.
Let’s see the first case whether the defendant is guilty or not.
Imagine you’re on the jury in a murder case. An expert testifies about DNA evidence. She says that a sample from the crime scene matches a defendant’s. She also gives the odds that someone else would randomly match the tested fragments. If the odds are one in a million, that makes it sound very likely that the defendant is, in fact, guilty. The defense lawyer may try to counter that by saying that in a city of three million people, at least two others would also probably match. Of course, the defendant was not arrested at random. Almost always, police have some other evidence linking a person to a crime. But the statistics supporting DNA evidence may be just the proof needed to find someone guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Now, I would like you to look at the cases against unjust discrimination.
In a U.S. Supreme Court case earlier this year, lawyers argued over whether a state university’s admissions plan unlawfully added points for students from certain minority groups. Statistically, that made it easier for those students to get in. Statistics factors into other discrimination cases, too. Suppose Annie claims that unlawful discrimination kept her from getting a promotion. Her lawyers may use statistics to show that workers with the same qualifications were significantly more likely to get promotions if they were male or not in a minority group. If the employer can’t show that Annie didn’t do her job well, she could then win her case.
Age, family history, exercise habits, diet, weight, and other factors affect the likelihood of developing cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses. For years, tobacco companies said that smoking was not the cause of plaintiffs getting sick. They won most cases against them. Then, judges and juries listened to statistical evidence that even when other factors were equal, smokers had much higher disease risks. Finally, some cases started to hold tobacco companies liable, or legally responsible.
Of course, the plaintiffs had other evidence, too. Tobacco companies’ own documents showed that they knew about disease risks. Yet their ads still targeted young people. In other words, the statistics did not stand alone. When using statistics, it is important to understand that statistical evidence complements other forms of evidence. Statistical evidence should be evaluated along with other evidence and not alone.
And then how can the court work out the compensation the victims should gain? Statistics help add up damages actually. Statistics help decide how much people or companies must pay if they are liable. Suppose a defect in a car caused an accident. As a result, Bert could no longer work. Statistics could show how long Bert would otherwise have worked and how much he probably would have made. When two variables correlate with each other statisticians can often predict one value from another with regression analysis. If someone plotted all the data points on a scatter plot, the analysis would find the line with the best fit through them.
But suppose that people in case claimed that nearby pollution lowered property values for a whole neighborhood. It may be unfair just to match sale prices with distance from the pollution, or to compare average prices with another town. After all, many factors affect property values: style of house, size, age, number of bathrooms, and so forth. That’s where multiple regression analysis can help. It finds the "best fit" for all the sample data when multiple independent variables are at work. It nets out the effects of all these things that are different, so that you are comparing apples to apples.
You will also know that statistics have the power on the witness stand. Good statistical experts make numbers "user-friendly" for the judge and jury. Many use high-tech graphics and other tools to present their conclusions. But ’statistics can be and have been misused, typically when people have interpreted that statistics to mean more than they really do. A good statistician is careful to explain just how reliable the statistics really are. Cross-examination lets each side attack the other side’s analysis flawed. Were data accurate, or may they have been biased? What was the margin of error? Did one unusual observation, or outlier, unfairly affect the outcome?
Finally, the jury weighs statistical evidence along with all the other evidence. The verdict makes a real difference in the lives of parties to a case — and to our justice system.
Today, we’ve talked about the magic of statistics working in various fields and events, like in the court, in the issues against discrimination, in calculating damages and on the testimony. I hope you would have had a good time.
选项
答案
evaluated
解析
细节题。讲座中明确提到数据证据需要和其他证据一起评价:Statistical evidence should be evaluated along with other evidence and not alone.因此答案为evaluated。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lcbK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
A、ItispartoftheRoyalBotanicalGarden.B、Itholdsacollectionof8,000differentkindsofplants.C、Itcontainsmanygarde
A、Thelinguisticpartofcomplaining.B、Theculturalbehaviorofbeingforthright.C、Takingaproductbacktoastore.D、Underst
ChineseAmericansI.EarlyimmigrationA.thefirstgroupofChineseimmigrants—cameto【T1】______【T1】______—becamethe【T2】__
ChineseAmericansI.EarlyimmigrationA.thefirstgroupofChineseimmigrants—cameto【T1】______【T1】______—becamethe【T2】__
TheUseofDramaTextsintheLanguageClassroomI.【T1】______ofdrama【T1】______A.Theteacherbeingabletorealize"reality"
(1)BeingtoldIwouldbeexpectedtotalkhere,IinquiredwhatsortoftalkIoughttomake.Theysaiditshouldbesomethings
Itisnaturaltofeeluncomfortableinalanguageclass.You’reusedtobeinginclasseswherethemodeofcommunication—thela
A、Practiceplusoveralltraining.B、Practicepluslectures.C、Practiceplusvoicetraining.D、Practiceplusspeechwriting.A文中提
Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevels,andthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentb
Schoolsthroughouttheworldareexperiencingaperiodofrapidchangeand,inmanycases,arefindingthatextremely【M1】______
随机试题
单眼恒定性斜视可有交替性斜视可有
患者,男,50岁。慢性支气管炎病史5年,近2~3个月咳嗽加重,痰中持续带血,伴胸闷、气急、胸痛。X线检查见肺门阴影增大。应首先考虑的是
关于核心存款的以下说法,不正确的是()。
(2004年考试真题)为长期持有目的,甲企业于2003年5月8日购入乙企业同年2月8日发行、期限5年、票面年利率5%、到期一次还本付息的债券,该债券面值为1000万元,实付价款为1080万元。假定不考虑相关税费,则该债券投资的入账价值应为()万元。
某公司2013年1月1日“利润分配——未分配利润”借方余额为50000元(未超过亏损弥补期),本年实现净利润200000元,所得税率25%,按规定分别提取10%的法定盈余公积和任意盈余公积。编制有关业务会计分录为()。
甲企业是一家成立不到三年的企业,依靠公司创始人发明的技术,公司三年来取得了飞速地增长.但由于产品属于较为超前的产品,市场对其尚未达到广泛接受的地步。未来的发展具有极大的不确定性。根据以上信息,甲企业适用的企业战略是()。
当前,在新的历史时期,我国的统一战线被称为()。
人民群众的支持,是公安工作最大的政治优势,是做好公安工作的根本保证。()
在使用恒定刺激法测量重量差别阈限的实验中,研究者以200克作为标准刺激,从190210克中以5克的间隔选择5个重量作为比较刺激,并只让被试做出“大于”和“小于”两类判断,得出的实验结果见下表。根据表中数据,求得差别阈限为()。
Journalistsoften__________asituationtomakethenewsmorestimulating.
最新回复
(
0
)