首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Theories of History Ⅰ. How much we know about history? A. Written records exist for only a fraction of man’s time B. The a
Theories of History Ⅰ. How much we know about history? A. Written records exist for only a fraction of man’s time B. The a
admin
2014-07-25
25
问题
Theories of History
Ⅰ. How much we know about history?
A. Written records exist for only a fraction of man’s time
B. The accuracy of these records is often (1), 【1】______
and details in them often needs improvement.
Ⅱ. Reconstruction of history before writing
A. being difficult because of the (2)of history to us 【2】______
B. the most that we can do is: use (3)【3】______
and the knowledge of the habits of animals.
Ⅲ. Theories about history
A. Objective: to (4)the beginning and 【4】______
deduce the end of man’s story.
B. One theory believes that man continually (5)【5】______
— (6)must be more intelligent and civilized 【6】______
than his ancestors.
—Human race will evolve into a race of (7)【7】______
C. The second theory holds the man’s history is like a (8)【8】______
of development.
—Modern man is not the most superior.
—Modem man may be inferior to members of (9)【9】______
D. The third theory: Human societies repeat a cycle of stages,
but overall progress is (10)in the long historical perspective.【10】______
【6】
Theories of History
Good morning, class. Today’s lecture is mainly concerned with some theories of history.
How much of man’s history do we know? We really know very little. Written records exist for only a fraction of what we suppose to have been man’s time as a unique species. Furthermore,the accuracy of these records is often suspected, and the scope and selection of significant detail in them often needs improvement.
It is worse when we lay to reconstruct man’s history before the development of writing, and this is unfortunate because the history of the greatest discoveries, such as fire, the wheel and the sail, as well as the history of the early development of human society are lost to us.The most that we can do is to use traces, deduction, speculation and the knowledge we have of the habits of those animals which have elementary social order to help us make a partial reconstruction. This is hardly a satisfactory substitute for precise information.
With our knowledge .of human history, which is only fragmentary at best, it is therefore nearly impossible to reconstruct the beginning and to deduce the end of the story of man. Thus, there have developed many schools of thought on the subject, each of which attempts to give coherence to the human past by fitting it into the framework of a theory of history.
Now,let’s take a look at one of these theories, it is assumed that man continually progress. He has evolved from a lower to a higher form of being, and he continues to evolve. This evolution takes place both in terms of his potentials and his abilities to actualize these potentials. If one holds this theory, one feels that modem man must be more intelligent and civilized today than his ancestors, as well as physically and morally superior to them. One further assumes that this progress will continue into an ever more glorious future, Here deduction often ends and dreams of utopia begin, for it seems that most of us find it hard to think of the human race developing into a race of angels. All in all, as theory of history, the above view has had many eminent supporters.
It might be well to mention here a variation on this theory that used to be popular, namely the idea that man rose from a low condition to a Golden Age at some time in the remote past, and that things have gone straight downhill ever since. Many eminent men have found a sort of gloomy comfort in this idea, but science has now opened up possibilities for the future which make this theory less defendable. Perhaps for this reason the theory has little modern support.
A second theory of history is held by those men who see man’s history as something quite different from a simple progression from a lower to a higher state.They see it as a cycle of stages of development, which are predictable in their broad outlines and main features. As surely as a civilization rises and comes into being, so also must it decline and fall. The chief pattern one sees in history is the rise and fall of civilization. Man, according to this theory, is warlike in one stage of his history and humane in another. This is not due to individual human beings or to general progress, but rather to determining socioeconomic patterns that are not, as yet, understood. To holders of this theory, modem man is not looked upon as the most superior social being yet produced. He is simply the typical product of the current stage in the cycle of our civilization. In fact,he may actually be inferior to members of past civilizations. It ail depends upon what stage of civilization we happen to be living in. Indeed, it has been said that the average modern literate city dweller is comparatively more ignorant of his era’s fund of knowledge than other literate city dwellers of the past. While the staggering fund of knowledge in our technologically advanced world is undoubtedly greater than that of any past civilization, it is probably true that the average modem man, relying on such repetitive forms of entertainment as television and working in a narrowly specialized job, knows a great deal less sheer information about his world than did earlier people.
In a third theory of history, the two above theories are to some degree reconciled. According to this theory, which is often termed the spiral view of history,human societies do repeat a cycle of stages, but overall progress is observable in the long historical perspective. Civilizations do rise and fall, as the advocates of the second theory maintain, but the new civilization which replaces the first, usually by conquest, contains superior qualities which enable it to rise to a higher stage of development until it declines and is replaced by yet a third civilization.
The above theories interpret history in term of the overall progress of mankind in general without respect to differentiation within the social order. It is also possible to view human history in terms of the interaction of socioeconomic groups. Human history, according to this theory, is most clearly interpreted as the disappearance of class struggle. Most people who hold this theory assume a resolution of the struggle through the disappearance of class differences, although it would be just as correct to assume that the struggle could con6nue unresolved. Those who assume that the straggle can eventually be resolved hold that history has a goal and that progress can be measured in terms of how quickly mankind is reaching that goal.
选项
答案
Modem man
解析
这一题讲述第一种观点的内容。录音提到“现代人比其祖先更具智慧且更加文明”,可知答案为 Modem mail。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/lipO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
TheCloningTechnologyI.Thedifferencebetweena(1)______colonyandcloningamammalclarifytheillusion:Scientistshavebe
TheCloningTechnologyI.Thedifferencebetweena(1)______colonyandcloningamammalclarifytheillusion:Scientistshavebe
Prof.Adlermentionedanillustrationofbeefsteakinordertoprove
InMassachusetts,thestatecorrectionscommissionerhasaskeddistrictattorneystoslowdowntheirprosecutionsbecauseprison
Duringthe______centurywhentheRomanEmpirefell,theGermanicAnglesandSaxonsinvadedandconqueredBritain.
TheClassicalSenseofGoodGovernmentPoliticsplaysanextremelyimportantroleinhumansociety.Politicalphilosopherss
DealingwithLifeAbroadI.Cultureshockoflifeabroad1)Moreandmorepeopletendtogoabroad—Goabroadtowork,studyort
EducationStandardsAreNottheAnswerSen.ChristopherDoddandRep.VernonEhlershaverecentlyproposedabilltocreate
Hewasonlyoneofthecandidateswhowasgoingtotaketheoraldefense.
乡下老家前面的空地,租给人家种桃花心木的树苗。树苗种下来后,植树人总是隔几天才来浇水。他来的天数并没有规则,有时三天,有时五天,有时十几天来一次。浇水的量也不一定,有时浇得多,有时浇得少。桃花心木有时就莫名地枯萎了,所以,他来的时候总会带几株树苗补种。我起
随机试题
A.硫酸镁静脉滴注B.哌替啶肌内注射C.肼苯哒嗪静脉滴注D.甘露醇快速静脉滴注E.阿托品肌内注射不协调性子宫收缩乏力首选药物是
关于细菌细胞结构,错误的是
若给病人用氧,氧流量4L/min,其氧浓度是
安装锅炉的技术文件,主要指锅炉产品出厂时附有的与安全有关的技术资料,至少包括()。
甲公司和乙公司不存在关联方关系,2018年和2019年甲乙公司之间发生的有关交易或事项如下:(1)2018年1月1日甲公司投资950万元购入乙公司80%股权,实现了对乙公司财务和经营政策的控制,当日办理完毕股权登记手续,不考虑相关税费。当日乙公司可辨认净
我国目前采用()作为衡量价格总水平变动的基本指标。
下列选项中对贵州自然地理表述有误的是()。
在AWT组件中,【】类可以实现带标题和边界的窗口,通常用于接收用户附加信息或发布通知,它是Window类的子类。
软件按功能可以分为应用软件、系统软件和支撑软件(或工具软件)。下面属于应用软件的是( )。
Whomostlikelyistheman?
最新回复
(
0
)