2. 考研
  3. Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development of far

Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development of far

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问题     Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development of farming communities there from 1890 to 1940. The Issei (first-generation immigrants) were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets. Like Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via the "boss" system. The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Issei boardinghouses where laborers stayed; and labor contractors, who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the "labor club" which provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters, such as the rental of land, for Issei who chose to belong and paid an annual fee to the cooperative for membership.
    When the local sugar beet industry collapsed in 1902, the Issei began to lease land from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to share cropping agreements. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly, while others joined together to form farming corporations. As the Issei began to operate farms, they began to marry and start families, forming an established Japanese American community. Unfortunately, the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913. But immigrants could circumvent such exclusionary laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born children’s names.
    Nakane’s case study of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is, however, too particularistic. This limitation derives from Nakane’s methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings, and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?
What can you infer from the passage about immigrants’ landownership as prescribed by the Alien Land Law of 1913?
选项
答案It was applicable to first-generation immigrants but not to their American-born children.
解析 推理判断题。根据the Alien Land Law of 1913定位至第二段第六句。该句提到，北美第一代日本移民为获得农业独立而进行的努力受到政府的限制，如1913年《外国人土地法》的颁布。第七句指出，移民可以通过以其在美国出生的子女的名义租用或购买土地来规避这种排他性法律。由此推断，1913年《外国人土地法》所规定的移民土地所有权适用于第一代移民，但不适用于他们在美国出生的子女。
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