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  3. But acquisitiveness, although it is the mainspring of the capitalist system, is by no means the most powerful of the motives tha

But acquisitiveness, although it is the mainspring of the capitalist system, is by no means the most powerful of the motives tha

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问题     But acquisitiveness, although it is the mainspring of the capitalist system, is by no means the most powerful of the motives that survive the conquest of hunger. Rivalry is a much stronger motive. Over and over again in Mohammedan history, dynasties have come to grief because the sons of a sultan  by different mothers could not agree, and in the resulting civil war universal ruin resulted. The same sort of thing happens in modern Europe. When the British Government very unwisely allowed the Kaiser to be present at a naval review at Spithead, the thought which arose in his mind was not the one which we had intended. What he thought was, "I must have a Navy as good as Grandmamma’ s".  And from this thought have sprung all our subsequent troubles. The world would be a happier  place than it is if acquisitiveness were always stronger than rivalry. But in fact, a great many men will cheerfully face impoverishment if they can thereby secure complete ruin for their rivals. Hence the present level of taxation.
    Vanity is a motive of immense potency. Anyone who has much to do with children knows how they are constantly performing some antic, and saying "Look at me". "Look at me" is one of the most fundamental desires of the human heart. It can take innumerable forms, from buffoonery to the pursuit of posthumous fame. There was a Renaissance Italian princeling who was who was asked by the priest on his deathbed if he had anything to repent of. "Yes", he said, "there is one thing. On one occasion I had a visit from the Emperor and the Pope simultaneously. I took them to the top of my tower to see the view, and I neglected the opportunity to throw them both down, which would have given me immortal fame". History does not relate whether the priest gave him absolution. One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on. The more you arc talked about, the more you will wish to be talked about. The condemned murderer who is allowed to see the account of his trial in the press is indignant if he finds a newspaper which has reported it will be with the one whose reports are meagre. Politicians and literary men are in the same case. And the more famous they become, the more difficult the press-cutting agency finds it to satisfy them. It is scarcely possible  to exaggerate the infiluence of vanity throughout the range of human life, from the child of three to the potentate at whose frown the world trembles. Mankind have even committed the impiety of attributing  similar desires to the Deity, whom they imagine avid for continual praise.
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答案 然而，物质追求虽然是资本主义体系的主要动因，但它绝不是征服饥饿的最有力的动机。相较而言，竞争是个更为有力的诱因。伊斯兰历史十一次又一次，各个朝代陷入悲痛，是因为苏丹那些同父异母的子孙们意见不一，由此引发内战，导致了普遍性的破坏。同样的事情在现代欧洲出发生了。当英国政府很不明智地允许德国皇帝出席斯彼赫德海军阅兵式时，他的想法与我们原来所认为的不一样。他所想的是“我必须拥有一支和奶奶(英国)一样强大的海军力量。”他的这一想法随后给我们带来了一系列麻烦。如果物质追求的力量比竞争的力量更大一些的话，那世界将会更加美好。然而，实际上，很多人将会欣喜地面对贫穷，如果他们能因此彻底摧毁他们的竞争对手。目前的税收也就因此而来。 虚荣心是个有着巨大潜能的动机。那些与孩子们打过交道的人都知道，孩子们经常表现得滑稽，夸张希望引起注意。得到关注是人类内心最基本的渴望之一。它表现形式多样，从滑稽的举动到对身后名利的追求。文艺复兴时期牧师问一位临终前的年轻意大利王子他有没有什么要说的。“有，”王子说道，“有一件事。有一次国上和教皇同时来拜访我时，我把他们带到我的城堡顶部看风景，但我没抓住这个机会把他们两个人都推下城堡，那样做的话，我的名字就会永垂不朽了。”史册未叙述牧师是否赦免了那位王子。虚荣心的问题之一是， 它会随着赖以生存的东西的增长而增长。被谈论的越多，你就越希望被谈论。如果被允许在新闻上看自己的审判，发现媒体对自己的审判描述很少，那这个被宣告有罪的凶手将会感到愤怒。政治家们和文学认识也同样如此。他们越有名，媒体就越难取悦他们。虚荣心对整个人生，从三岁的孩童到偶尔蹙额就会影响整个世界的当权者的影响力都是很大的。人类甚至犯这样不敬的错误，他们认为神灵也有着同样的欲望，渴望得到持续赞扬。
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