首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
In general, democracies organize and carry out their elections in one of two ways. In first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections, vote
In general, democracies organize and carry out their elections in one of two ways. In first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections, vote
admin
2019-06-20
35
问题
In general, democracies organize and carry out their elections in one of two ways. In first-past-the-post (FPTP) elections, voters choose individual candidates for office, and the candidate with the most votes wins. Elections in this kind of system are also called " winner-take-all. " In a democracy with proportional representation (PR) , parties, not individuals, win seats in a legislature according to the percent of votes they receive in an election. Parties then form coalitions with each other to gain control of the government. Which system a country uses can greatly affect its politics; each has its merits and disadvantages.
These two types of election tend to foster very different styles of political debate. First-past-the-post elections tend to lead to more moderate political discussions at the national level. In elections for the presidency of the United States, for example, candidates need support from every part of the country. They cannot alienate large groups by expressing extreme views, so they must be moderate in order to have broad appeal. This moderation has its downsides, however. For one, uncommon opinions tend to be left out of public discussion. This can result in an elected government that may not fully represent citizens’ views. Extreme parties are also reduce to the role of spoilers in national elections: unable to win, but able to hurt larger parties with similar, but more moderate, viewpoints. During the US election for president in 1992, a far-right candidate, Ross Perot, drew votes from the sitting president, the center-right George H. W. Bush. This may have allowed the center-left candidate, Bill Clinton, to win the presidency.
Proportional representation, for better or worse, allows more extreme viewpoints to be represented at the national level. This can be a good thing, allowing minority groups and small, single-issue parties to have a voice in government. However, these small parties can cause problems when they join ruling coalitions. They can force the government to focus on niche agendas by threatening to leave the coalition if ignored. In some cases , radical parties that actively oppose or threaten democracy, like fascist parties, can gain seats in PR elections. This occurred most famously in Germany’s Weimar Republic in the 1930s, when democratic elections gave the Nazi Party the opportunity to take power.
Each electoral system also results in different levels of voter participation. First-past-the-post systems generally result in lower overall voter participation. This could be because the rules of FPTP elections discourage voters who support candidates or parties who are not likely to win. Because votes for a losing candidate count for nothing in an FPTP election, votes for opposition parties are effectively wasted. In elections for US Senate seats and the US presidency, for instance, many states are consistently won by candidates from one party. Opposition voters in these states have little reason to show up at the polls. However, some political scientists argue that because voters vote for specific candidates in FPTP elections, those elected officials are more personally accountable to the citizens that voted for them. This sense of accountability could lead to more citizen engagement between elections.
Proportional representation, on the whole, encourages higher levels of participation. Because voters will be represented even if they are in the minority, there are far fewer wasted votes in PR elections. Perhaps for this reason, voter turnout is much higher, on average, in countries that use a PR system. On the other hand, voters in PR elections generally vote for parties rather than individuals. Because the parties appoint legislators to their seats, politicians may feel more accountable to their parties than to voters. This can lead officials to focus on within-party politics rather than the wishes of the people.
Why do first-past-the-post elections tend to have lower voter turnout than proportional representation elections?
选项
答案
Because there are more wasted votes in an FPTP election than in proportional represented.
解析
事实细节题。第四段提到,在得票最多者当选的制度下,投给无法获胜的候选人或政党的票是废票。第五段则讲到,在比例代表制下很少有废票。由此可知,“得票最多者当选”规则下,投票率低是由于废票比较多造成的。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/mUra777K
本试题收录于:
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)题库专业硕士分类
0
翻译硕士(翻译硕士英语)
专业硕士
相关试题推荐
PopstarstodayenjoyastyleoflivingwhichwasoncetheprerogativeonlyofRoyalty.Wherevertheygo,peopleturnoutinthe
The______ofsocialsecuritybenefitsoftenfeelthattheyarecontributingmorethantheyinfactreceiveintermsofmedical
ThedoctorassuredVictorthathiswifewouldcertainly______althoughshehadbeenunconsciousfor48hours.
Theeighteenth-centuryBritishthinkerEdmundBurkemadethefollowingobservationaboutthebenefitsofopposition:"Hethatwr
Gotmilk?Ifyoudo,takeamomenttoponderthetrueoddnessofbeingabletodrinkmilkafteryou’reababy.Nootherspeci
Itwasnotuntilshehadarrivedhome______rememberedherappointmentwiththedoctor.
Thepolicechiefannouncedthatthecasewouldsoonbeinquired______.
TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n)______ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.
ThePotofGoldattheEndoftheRainbowJOSEPHKENNEDY,JohnF.Kennedy’sfather,supposedlysaidthatwhenhestartedget
随机试题
患儿,男,1岁。头颈软弱无力,坐、立、行等运动功能落后。被诊断为维生素D缺乏性佝偻病。护士正确的护理是
患者男,68岁。因发热1周来诊。查体:贫血貌,淋巴结、肝、脾无肿大。检测白细胞2×109/L,血红蛋白80g/L,血小板45×109/L。为明确诊断,最有价值的检查是
无内在拟交感活性的非选择性β受体阻断药是
患者,女,23岁,已婚。孕期突然小便频数而急,艰涩不利,灼热刺痛,口干不欲饮,舌红苔黄腻,脉滑数。治疗应首选()
A、陈皮B、川楝子C、香附D、甘松E、乌药某女,66岁。形体肥胖,既患痰湿壅肺之咳嗽气喘,又见脾胃气滞之脘腹胀满、嗳气、恶心呕吐。宜选用的药是
若在迈克尔逊干涉仪的可动反射镜M移动0.620mm过程中,观察到干涉条纹移动了2300条,则所用光的波长为()nm。
建筑工程一切险的初投保人和收益人可以包括()。
影响建筑布局的主要因素是日照、通风及景观,具体表现为()等方面。
科学技术革命是推动经济和社会发展的强大杠杆,其作用主要表现为
下列给定程序中,fun函数功能是:将n个无序整数从小到大排序。请改正程序中的错误,使它能得出正确的结果。注意:不得增行或删行,也不得更改程序的结构!试题程序:#include<conio.h>#include<stdio.h>#inelude<
最新回复
(
0
)