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  3. When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces ph

When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces ph

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问题     When we feel stressed, our adrenal glands release a peptide called Cortisol. Our body responds with Cortisol whether it faces physical, environmental, academic, or emotional danger. This triggers a string of physical reactions including depression of the immune system, tensing of the large muscles, blood-clotting, and increasing blood pressure. It’s the perfect response to the unexpected presence of a sable-toothed tiger. But in school, that kind of response leads to problems. Chronically high Cortisol levels lead to the death of brain cells in the hippocampus, which is critical to explicit memory formation.
    These physical changes are significant. Stanford scientist Robert Sapolsky found that atrophy levels in the hippocampus of Vietnam veterans with PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) ranged from 8 to 24 percent above the control group. Chronic stress also impairs a student’s ability to sort out what’s important and what’s not. Jacobs and Nadel (1985) suggest that thinking and memory are affected under stress. The brain’s short-term memory and ability to form long-term memories are inhibited.
    There are other problems. Chronic stress makes students more susceptible to illness. In one study, students showed a depressed immune system at test time; they had lower levels of an important antibody for fighting infection. This may explain the vicious academic cycle; more test stress means more sickness, which means poor health and missed classes, which contribute to lower test scores.
    A stressful physical environment is linked to student failure. Crowded conditions, poor student relationships, and even lighting can matter. Optometrist Ray Gottlieb says that school stress causes vision problems. That in turn impairs academic achievement and self-esteem. He says that, typically, a stressed child will constrict breathing and change how he or she focuses to adapt to the stress. This pattern hurts learning in the short and long run. Under stress, the eyes become more attentive to peripheral areas as a natural way to spot predators first. This makes it nearly impossible to track across a page of print, staying focused on small areas of print.
Ray Gottlieb is specialized in______.
选项 A、stress studies
B、light studies
C、studies of human eyes
D、education studies
答案C
解析 推理判断题。根据题干中的Ray Gottlieb将本题出处定位于第四段第三句。该句提到Ray Gottlieb表示学校压力会导致视力问题，下文具体进行解释，提到压力状态下人眼看事物的变化，据此推测，他的专业是研究人的眼睛，故答案为[C]项。
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