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  3. Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Beha

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问题    Psychologists take opposite views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
   The【C1】______view had gained many supporters, especially among【C2】______. But the careful use of small monetary rewards【C3】______creativity in grade-school children,【C4】______that properly presented inducements indeed aid【C5】______, according to a【C6】______in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
   "If kids know they’re working for a reward and can【C7】______on a relatively challenging task,【C8】______show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.
   "But it’s easy to【C9】______creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or【C10】______too much anticipation for rewards."
   A teacher who【C11】______draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement【C12】______up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds.【C13】______an example of the latter point, he notes【C14】______efforts at major universities to【C15】______grading standards and【C16】______failing grades.
   In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in【C17】______students handle【C18】______problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C19】______in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist【C20】______.
【C5】
选项 A、inventory
B、invention
C、inventiveness
D、inventor
答案C
解析 此题较容易，结合前面所讲的内容可知，适当的奖赏刺激有助于激发创造力，所以要选C，即inventiveness，它是creativity的同义词。注意inventory是“存货清单；细账；概述，总结；个人品德(或技能等)的鉴定记录”的意思；invention是“发明，创作；捏造，虚构”的意思。
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