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  3. By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and ac

By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and ac

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问题     By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community.
    There are two methods of curing the mischief of factions: the one, by removing its causes; the other, by controlling its effects.
    There are again two methods of removing the causes of faction: the one, by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.
    (47) It could never be more truly said than of the first remedy, that it was worse than the disease. (48) Liberty is to faction what air is to fire, an ailment without which it instantly expires. (49) But it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, which is essential to political life, because it nourishes faction, than it would be to wish the annihilation of air, which is essential to animal life, because it imparts to fire its destructive agency.
    The second expedient is as impracticable as the first would be unwise. As long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. As long as the connection subsists between his reason and his self-love, his opinions and his passions will have a reciprocal influence on each other; and the former will be objects to which the latter will attach themselves.
    The latent causes of faction are thus shown in the nature of man; and we see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society.
    If a faction consists of less than a majority, relief is supplied by the republican principle, which enables the majority to defeat its sinister views by regular vote…When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens. (50) To secure the public good and private rights, against the danger of such a faction, and at the same time to preserve the spirit and the form of popular government, is the great object to which our inquiries are directed…
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答案我对宗派小集团的理解是，若干公民不管是多数还是少数，在一起受共同情感或利益的激励，反对其他公民的权利，或者反对其周围社会的永久的共同的利益。
解析     句子的框架是By a faction，I understand a number of citizens，whether…or…，who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion，or of interest，adverse to…or to…。宾语citizens后跟了whether…or…插入成分，还跟有一个定语从句who are…；adverse to…or to…应跟在who are后面，与united and actuated by some common impulse of passion并列；by a faction可译为“说到宗教小集团”，amounting to…现在分词修饰citizens，译为“数目达到”，be adverse to 形容词短语，译为“反对”。
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