首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Seven Types of Evidence It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you can’t p
Seven Types of Evidence It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you can’t p
admin
2013-06-12
30
问题
Seven Types of Evidence
It is important to learn to use evidence in argumentative writing, because without evidence, you can’t persuade anybody of anything. Usually seven types of evidence are used. I. Expert Testimony
Expert testimony is useful because it comes from somebody with special knowledge and has been tested by others.
There are three kinds of expert testimony; facts, informed opinions, and (1)______.
The first two can be safely used in your writing, but the third may be dangerous, because they are just what is possibly true.
II.(2)______
This refers to data that can reveal some information. Strong evidence of this type should be valid, accurate,
and (3)______.
III. Examples
Examples are widely used in our daily life.
Examples can serve three purposes. First, clarify meaning. Second, provide reason for justification. Third, (4)______.
IV. Personal Experience
Writer can use his own experience to support an
argument. But if the experience is (5) ______, the
argument will not be very forceful.
V. Analogy
Analogy is a comparison of apparently dissimilar things.
Analogy can make unfamiliar topics (6)______, but
it is not enough to prove anything.
VI. Known Facts
Known facts are facts that are known to (7)______.
They can be used as a type of evidence.
VII. Logic and Reasoning
Logic and reasoning may be used in two situations.
One, (8)______is not available.
Two, the writer wants to strengthen the persuasiveness of his factual evidence. Ps: Three Criteria for Good Evidence
1. relevant
2.(9).______
3.(10)______
Seven Types of Evidence
Good morning. Today we will talk about how to use evidence in writing. In much of your college writing, you will try to persuade your readers to see things in your way. Without good evidence to support your ideas, you will hardly persuade anyone of anything. So today we’ll look at seven kinds of evidence that are widely used in argumentative writing.
The first type of evidence is expert testimony. An expert is someone who has special skill and knowledge based on careful study and wide experience in a certain area. More than that, an expert has tested his or her skill and knowledge in a public forum.
Once your opinion is firm, you can use expert testimony to support it. To use expert testimony wisely, you need to be both respectful and critical. You will need to differentiate among (1) three kinds of evidence that experts provide: facts, informed opinions, and speculations. Generally, you can use facts and informed opinions, but must be cautious with speculations. This is because speculations are just what one person thinks is plausible, so they should be treated as something that could be true.
The second type of evidence is statistics. Statistics are numerical data gathered and tabulated to yield information. Whether they are raw data or translated into charts and figures, numbers are powerful evidence. If they are properly used, data can prove a claim rapidly and conclusively. When a survey shows that 95 percent of senior students are satisfied with the courses they have taken at a university, we can persuade readers that the university is a good one.
But you must be careful with numbers. (3) Only when the data are valid, accurate and up-to-date can they really support your point. So when you want to use data, examine carefully before putting them down in your article.
Next comes the third evidence, examples. Every day you use examples as evidence for your claims. You might write to your parents, " Sorry I haven’t written much but I’ve been very busy. I spent last week in the library, bent over the books studying for two midterms. " In this case, you establish your claim and back it up with a specific example.
Examples serve three purposes. First, they clarify meaning. Your parents may not know exactly what you mean by busy until you show them. Second, examples demonstrate why, at least in one instance, you are justified in making your claim. Studying for two midterms does sound like being busy. (4) Third, examples make for entertaining reading. Abstractions are dry. Claiming that you are busy isn’t very interesting. But the image of you bent intently over a book probably pleases your parents, who may now forgive you for not writing.
The fourth type of evidence is personal experience. If we actually experience something directly, we don’t need experts or statistics to back us up. Although we know that our experience is not totally reliable, we trust our senses and our ability to understand our personal experience. And in some cases, our own experience can persuade readers to accept our statement.
In complex matters, however, (5) be aware of jumping to conclusions based on limited personal experience. Your experience may help to explain, but it cannot prove a more general thesis. Knowing someone who cheats on her income tax does not prove that the problem with income tax cheaters is pervasive. Even if you know five or ten or twenty cheaters, all that proves is that you are unlucky in your acquaintances. For such a complex subject, you need more than personal experience. You need statistics and expert interpretation.
Analogy is the fifth type of evidence on our list. An analogy is a comparison of apparently dissimilar things, and its purpose is to illuminate one thing by showing how it is like and not like the other. If well used, (6) an analogy can make an abstract, unfamiliar topic easy to understand. For example, if a writer wants to directly persuade readers that it is our work that determines our social role, he would face a tough task. But analogy can help him out. Here is his analogy;
Human beings in a society are like the bees in a hive. Each person’s identity is determined by his or her place in the overall system. Like drones, no one has any identity but the work he or she does. And if one doesn’t work, he will be kicked out of the society just like a drone out of the hive.
However, analogies should be used with caution. To the extent that analogies make a point easy to see, they are evidence. But they don’t prove the point—they can never be sufficient evidence for a complex idea.
After analogy, let’s look at the next type of evidence, known facts. (7) When writing. you can safely assume that you and your readers share a vast body of facts and beliefs. You don’t need to point out Columbus arrived in America in 1492, or that China has a history as long as 5, 000 years. But these facts can be used as evidence in your writing.
The last type of evidence we usually use is logic and reasoning. In some cases, (8-1) we use them because we can’t find any other factual evidence. And in some cases where we can find factual evidence, (8-2) reasoning can make our argument more persuasive. People in China believe that good argument should appeal to both sense and sensibility, which means that both factual evidence and reasoning are necessary.
OK, these are the seven types of evidence. Before we end today’s lecture, I would talk about three criteria for good evidence. First, good evidence should be relevant. It should speak directly to the point. You should select particular evidence because it supports the point, not because it is novel or comic. (9) Second, good evidence should be representative. It should represent its source or the situation it describes. (10) Last, good evidence should be accurate. It is the writer’s duty to ensure the accuracy of the evidence. In order to do this, you must check the evidence carefully, and present it in your writing carefully.
Well, with that, we will end today’s lecture. We hope that you now understand evidence better, and we look forward to seeing well-supported articles from you in the future.
选项
答案
representative
解析
演讲者在演讲结束前补充了three criteria for good evidence,根据句(9)可知,好的证据应是与论点相关联的,是有代表性的,故答案为representative。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/mt4O777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
L2learnerswillsubconsciouslyusetheirL1knowledgeinlearningasecondlanguage.Thisisknownas______.
WhodoesnotbelongtothewritersoftheRealisticAge?
Somepeoplethinkthatahighsalaryisthemostimportantfeatureofajob.Othersbelievethatthingssuchastraining,jobsa
"Withthegrowthofglobalnetworksinsuchareasaseconomicsandcommunication,thereisnodoubtthateveryaspectofsociety
ThemoststrikingphoneticdifferencebetweenAmericanandBritishEnglishisthepronunciationof______inwords.
It’seasytoseewhythepriceofgasolineissoupsettingtosomanypeople.Gaspricesaretheoneeconomicindicatoryousee
Thesmallestlinguisticunitthatcanbeusedindependentlyis______.
SOMETHINGABOUTNAPLESjustseemsmadeforcomedy.Thenamealoneconjuresuppizza,andlovable,incorrigibleinnocentswarblin
______isconsideredasthefounderofAmericandrama.
不管是好习惯还是坏习惯,都是逐渐养成的。当一个人重复做某件事时,一种看不见的力量驱使他去重复做同一件事,这样就养成了习惯。习惯一旦形成,要改掉它是网难的,有时是不可能的。所以,我们在形成习惯的时候要小心谨慎,这一点是非常重要的。小孩子常常会养成坏习惯。这些
随机试题
请补充main函数,改函数的功能是,把一个二维字符数组每行字符串最大的字符拷贝到字符数组s中。例如,如果str[3]={"efjh","cfimls","owys"},则s;"hsy"。注意:部分源程序给出如下.请勿改动主函数mai
元好问《岐阳》诗,从“岐阳西望”的“望”字联想而出的诗句有()
A.下颌角下2cm绕下颌角的弧形切口B.口内翼下颌皱襞稍外侧的纵形切口C.下颌骨下缘下2cm的平行切口D.口内翼下颌皱襞处的横形切口E.下颌骨下缘下1~1.5cm的平行切口下颌下间隙脓肿应作
A.匙状甲B.杵状指(趾)C.肢端肥大症D.爪形手E.指间关节梭形类风湿关节炎常出现的体征是
地下连续墙适用于()土层。
A公司是一家小型玩具制造商,2009年11月份的销售额为40万元,12月份销售额为45万元。根据公司市场部的销售预测,预计2010年第一季度1~3月份的月销售额分别为50万元、75万元和90万元。根据公司财务部一贯执行的收款政策,销售额的收款进度为销售当月
某公司2015年经营活动现金流量净额为2000万元,流动负债1000万元,负债总额3000万元,股东权益6000万元。则下列说法正确的是()。
人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响——1990年英译汉及详解Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnote
在我国川东北地区发现了迄今为止国内规模最大、丰度最高的特大型整装海洋气田——普光气田。经国土资源部矿产资源储量评审办公室审定,普光气田累计探明可采储量为2510.75亿立方米,技术可采储量为1883.04亿立方米。普光气田的发现,对中国石化资源发展战略具
Themostcharismaticofthegreatfootballers,MaradonawasalsotheonlyonetowinaWorldCupalmostsingle-handed,withase
最新回复
(
0
)