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  3. Technology Transfer in Germany When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Ge

Technology Transfer in Germany When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Ge

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问题                   Technology Transfer in Germany
    When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany.  Since the 1940s, the nation’s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable (令人羡慕的) record for turning ideas into profit.
    Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies.  But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition.  Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programs for pumping money into start-up companies.
    Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favoring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. Every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programs to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
    While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany’s research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.
    Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe’s largest organization for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.
The word "expertise" in line 3 could be best replaced by ______.
选项 A、experts
B、scientists
C、scholars
D、special knowledge
答案D
解析 expertise是特殊领域的知识和学问的意思，另外三个选项都用来指人，在这个上下文里根本不舍适。
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