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  3. In 17th-century New England, almost everyone believed in witches. Struggling to survive in a vast and sometimes unforgiving land

In 17th-century New England, almost everyone believed in witches. Struggling to survive in a vast and sometimes unforgiving land

admin2011-02-11  70
问题   In 17th-century New England, almost everyone believed in witches. Struggling to survive in a vast and sometimes unforgiving land, America’s earliest European settlers understood themselves to be surrounded by an inscrutable universe filled with invisible spirits, both benevolent and evil, that affected their lives. They often attributed a sudden illness, a household disaster or a financial setback to a witch’s curse. The belief in witchcraft was, at bottom, an attempt to make sense of the unknown.
  While witchcraft was often feared, it was punished only infrequently. In the first 70 years of the New England settlement, about 100 people were formally charged with being witches; fewer than two dozen were convicted and fewer still were executed.
  Then came 1692. In January of that year, two young girls living in the household of the Reverend Samuel Parris of Salem Village began experiencing strange fits. The doctor identified witchcraft as tile cause. After weeks of questioning, the girls named Tituba, Parris’s female Indian slave, and two local women as the witches who were tormenting them.
  Judging by previous incidents, one would have expected the episode to end there. But it didn’t. Other young Salem women began to suffer fits as well. Before the crisis ended, 19 people formally accused others of afflicting them, 54 residents of Essex County confessed to being witches and nearly 150 people were charged with consorting with the devil. What led to this?
  Traditionally, historians have argued that the witchcraft crisis resulted from factionalism in Salem Village, deliberate faking, or possibly the ingestion of hallucinogens by the afflicted. I believe another force was at work. The events in Salem were precipitated by a conflict with the Indians on the northeastern frontier, the most significant surge of violence in the region in nearly 40 years.
  In two little-known wars, fought largely in Maine from 1675 to 1678 and from 1688 to 1699, English settlers suffered devastating losses at the hands of Wabanaki Indians and their French allies. The key afflicted accusers in the Salem crisis were frontier refugees whose families had been wiped out in the wars. These tormented young women said they saw the devil in the shape of an Indian. In testimony, they accused the witches—reputed ringleader—the Reverend George Burroughs, formerly pastor of Salem Village—of bewitching the soldiers dispatched to fight the Wabanakis. While Tituba, one of the first people accused of witchcraft, has traditionally been portrayed as a black or mulatto woman from Barbados, all the evidence points to her being an American Indian. To the Puritan settlers, who believed themselves to be God’s chosen people, witchcraft explained why they were losing the war so badly. Their Indian enemies had the devil on their side.
  In late summer, some prominent New Englanders began to criticize the witch prosecutions. In response to the dissent, Governor Sir William Phips of Massachusetts dissolved in October the special court be had established to handle the trials. But before he stopped the legal process, 14 women and 5 men had been hanged. Another man was crushed to death by stones for refusing to enter a plea. The war with the Indians continued for six more years, though sporadically. Slowly, northern New Englanders began to feel more secure. And they soon regretted the events of 1692.
  Within five years, one judge and 12 jurors formally apologized as the colony declared a day of fasting and prayer to atone for the injustices that had been committed. In 1711, the state compensated the families of the victims.
  And last year, more than three centuries after the settlers reacted to an external threat by lashing out irrationally, the convicted were cleared by name in a Massachusetts statute, it’s a story worth remembering—and not just on Halloween.  
The author adds that the witchcraft crisis of 1692 also arose from
选项 A、the clash between European settlers and the Indians.
B、disagreements among European settlers in Salem.
C、the delusion of the sick in Salem.
D、the pretension of the sick in Salem.
答案A
解析 细节题。由题干中的1692定位至第三段，通过浏览可知，三、四段对当年的“塞勒姆巫师案件”进行介绍，第五段谈到该案件的起因。末句指出作者认为“塞勒姆巫师案件”产生的另一个原因：与东北部边境上印第安人的冲突。故A为答案。该段首句指出历史学家们对该案件原因的分析：factionalism(派系纷争)，deliberate faking(故意伪装)及ingestion of hallucinogens(服用幻觉剂)，其他三项是据此设计的干扰项，不是作者自己的观点，排除。
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