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  3. David frank started working for tips when he was 11 years old, delighting restaurant diners in New York with his magic tricks. A

David frank started working for tips when he was 11 years old, delighting restaurant diners in New York with his magic tricks. A

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问题     David frank started working for tips when he was 11 years old, delighting restaurant diners in New York with his magic tricks. As a teenager he would make an average of $60—70 in an evening—not bad, but he wanted more. So he started reading research on tipping, and found a study showing that servers who left a sweet at the end of the meal could up their pay. He tried handing punters a playing card at the end of his act, hoping that the memento would persuade them to part with more cash. It worked.
    Mr. Frank’s findings confirmed the notion of the tip as a sort of reward for outstanding service. That may sound straightforward, but a follow-up study with Michael Lynn of Cornell University, where Mr Frank now happens to be a student, found an opportunity for some sleight of hand.
    They discovered that performing a magic trick at a table also increased the tips for the waiters and waitresses serving there, even though they had done absolutely nothing more than usual. Though tipping may seem like a simple economic transaction, by incentivising people to perform extra well, it turns out to be anything but.
    For a start, economists are puzzled by the fact that so many people give tips, voluntarily handing out cash for a routine service, when it is assumed that customers generally want to pay as little as possible for what they buy. But fuzzier factors also seem to matter, like the feelings of gratitude that Mr Frank inspired. A survey in 2010 by Ofer Azar of Israel’s Ben-Gurion University of the Negev found that 85％ of American tippers claimed to be following a social norm, while 60％ said they tipped to avoid guilty.
    During the pandemic these fuzzy factors appear to have intensified. Mr Lynn observed that people have been tipping more generously even while ordering takeaway food, while Sarah Conlisk of the Federal Reserve Board has found that people travelling in richer areas have been tipping their taxi drivers more than before.
    The presence of a pandemic or of a magician performing at one’s table are just two of an array of factors that may affect the size of a tip. A tipper may simply be touched by the server. If a waiter squats down beside you at the table as he or she takes your order, that often elicits a higher tip. Good weather may spur generosity too.
Michael Linn has found out that tipping________.
选项 A、stands for a routine transaction
B、depends on good service quality
C、represents an incentive
D、is just a reward for excellent service
答案C
解析 细节题。根据题干中的Michael Linn和found out可定位至第二、三段。第三段第二句说Though tipping may seem like a simple economic transaction, by incentivising people to perform extra well, it turns out to be anything but (虽然支付小费看起来像是一种简单的经济交易，但通过激励人们带来更好的服务，实际上它根本不是简单的经济交易)，C项正是该内容的同义表达，故正确。A项属于以偏概全，将该句中客观事实的局部信息当作研究发现的结论，故排除。B项属于主观臆断，文中指出服务人员没多做任何事，但魔术表演能够让这家餐厅的服务员获得更多的小费，也就是说支付小费的行为与服务质量无关，故排除该选项。D项属于张冠李戴，这是弗兰克的发现所证实的内容，故排除。故本题答案为C项。
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