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  3. US White House spokesman Tony Snow once sent journalists digging for their dictionaries. He called recent criticism by the forme

US White House spokesman Tony Snow once sent journalists digging for their dictionaries. He called recent criticism by the forme

admin2012-04-05  48
问题     US White House spokesman Tony Snow once sent journalists digging for their dictionaries. He called recent criticism by the former President Bill Clinton "chutzpah (无耻)". With just one sentence, Snow managed to make headlines, a joke and a defense of President George W. Bush. Interestingly, this is how battles are fought and won in US politics — with carefully-worded one-liners (一行字幕新闻) made for TV which often lack substance and clarity (清晰度).
    "The amount of information that candidates attempt to communicate to people is actually getting smaller and smaller," said Mark Smith, a political science professor at Cedarville University. This has been accompanied by a changing media environment, Smith said. In 1968, the average TV or radio sound bite (a sound bite is a very brief broadcast statement, as by a politician during a news report) was 48 seconds, according to Smith. In 1996, the average sound bite had shrunk to 8 seconds. Thus, politicians wanting publicity try to make their public communication as quotable as possible.
    Campaigning politicians also use 30-second TV ads and clever campaign slogans to boost their messages. Republican presidential candidate John McCain rides to campaign stops in a bus named the "Straight Talk Express". McCain hopes the name will convince voters he plans to tell people the truth — whether it’s in fashion or not. Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, on the other hand, has chosen the campaign slogan "Let the conversation begin". She hopes it will help her appear open-minded and friendly.
    But one-liners, TV ads and campaign slogans all have a single key ingredient: something commonly called political "spin". Brooks Jackson, a former journalist and the current director of FactCheck.org, a website not supporting the ideas of any political party or group, calls "spin" just a polite word for "deceiving".
    "I do believe that very often politicians believe their own spin," said Jackson.
    "Strong partisans suffer from a universal human tendency: They ignore the evidence that would force them into the uncomfortable position of having to change their minds and admit that they were wrong."
According to the passage, what changed from 1968 to 1996?
选项 A、Information and communication.
B、Ways of publicity.
C、Both social and natural environment.
D、The average sound bite.
答案D
解析 文章第二段提到，1968年时，一般电视或广播播出的政客演讲中的句子平均长48秒，到了1996年这个长度缩短到了8秒。由此可知，从1968年到1996年，演讲中的句子或短语的平均长度发生了变化，故答案为D)。文中提到总统候选人想要与人们沟通的information的数量变得越来越小，但未提及是从1968年到1996年之间的变化，故排除A)。该段末句提到想要publicity(宣传)的政客尽力使他们的public communication适合引用，并非是改变publicity的方式，故排除B)。第二段提到changing media environment(变化的媒体环境)，并未提及自然环境的变化，故排除C)。
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