首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Effects of urban environments on animals Introduction Recent urba
Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Effects of urban environments on animals Introduction Recent urba
admin
2018-05-28
26
问题
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
Effects of urban environments on animals
Introduction
Recent urban developments represent massive environmental changes. It was previously thought that only a few animals were suitable for city life, e.g.
- the 【L31】______- because of its general adaptability
the pigeon - because walls of city buildings are similar to 【L32】______
In fact, many urban animals are adapting with unusual 【L33】______
Recent research
- Emilie Snell-Rood studied small urbanised mammal specimens from museums in Minnesota.
- She found the size of their 【L34】______had increased.
- She suggests this may be due to the need to locate new sources of 【L35】______and to deal with new dangers.
- Catarina Miranda focused on the 【L36】______of urban and rural blackbirds.
- She found urban birds were often braver, but were afraid of situations that were 【L37】______
- Jonathan Atwell studies how animals respond to urban environments.
- He found that some animals respond to 【L38】______by producing lower levels of hormones.
- Sarah Partan’s team found urban squirrels use their 【L39】______to help them communicate.
Long-term possibilities
Species of animals may develop which are unique to cities. However, some changes may not be 【L40】______
【L39】
Hi. Today we’re going to be looking at animals in urban environments and I’m going to be telling you about some research on how they’re affected by these environments.
Now, in evolutionary terms, urban environments represent huge upheavals, the sorts of massive changes that usually happen over millions of years. And we used to think that only a few species could adapt to this new environment.
One species which is well known as being Q31
highly adaptable is the crow, and there’ve been various studies about how they manage to learn new skills
. Another successful species is
the pigeon, because they’re able to perch on Q32 ledoes on the walls of city buildings, just like they once perched on cliffs by the sea.
But in fact, we’re now finding that these early immigrants were just the start of a more general movement of animals into cities, and of adaptation by these animals to city life. And
one thing Q33 that researchers are finding especially interesting is the speed with which they’re doing this -we’re not talking about gradual evolution here - these animals are changing fast.
Let me tell you about some of the studies that have been carried out in this area. So, in the University of Minnesota, a biologist called Emilie Snell-Rood and her colleagues looked at specimens of urbanised small mammals such as mice and gophers that had been collected in Minnesota, and that are now kept in museums there. And she looked at specimens that had been collected over the last hundred years, which is a very short time in evolutionary terms. And
she found that during that time, these small mammals had experienced a jump in Q34 brain size when compared to rural mammals.
Now, we can’t be sure this means they’re more intelligent, but since the sizes of other parts of the body didn’t change, it does suggest that something cognitive was going on. And
Snell-Rood thinks that this change might reflect the Q35 cognitive demands of adjusting to citv life - having to look in different places to find food, for example, and coping with a whole new set of dangers.
Then over in Germany at the Max Planck Institute,
there’s another biologist called Catarina Q36 Miranda who’s done some experiments with blackbirds living in urban and rural areas. And she’s been looking not at their anatomy but at their behaviour.
So as you might expect, she’s found that the urban blackbirds tend to be quite bold - they’re prepared to face up to a lot of threats that would frighten away their country counterparts. But
there’s one type of situation Q37 that does seem to frighten the urban blackbirds, and that’s anything new - anything they haven’t experienced before.
And if you think about it, that’s quite sensible for a bird living in the city.
Jonathan Atwell, in Indiana University, is looking at how a range of animals respond to urban environments.
He’s found that when they’re under stress, their endocrine systems react by Q38 reducing the amount of hormones such as corticosterone into their blood.
It’s a sensible-seeming adaptation. A rat that gets scared every time a subway train rolls past won’t be very successful.
There’s just one more study I’d like to mention which is by Sarah Partan and her team, and
they’ve been looking at how squirrels communicate in an urban environment, and they’ve Q39 found that a routine part of their communication is carried out by waving their tails.
You do also see this in the country, but it’s much more prevalent in cities, possibly because it’s effective in a noisy environment.
So what are the long-term implications of this?
One possibility is that we may see completely Q40 new species developing in cities. But on the other hand, it’s possible that not all of these adaptations will be permanent.
Once the animal’s got accustomed to its new environment, it may no longer need the features it’s developed.
So, now we’ve had a look ...
选项
答案
tail(s)
解析
在定位词人名Sarah Partan、squirrels出现之后听到了答案对应信息“a routine part of their communication is carried out by waving their tails”,其中carried out by对应题干中的use,而之后的tails符合我们对答案词的预测,因此答案为tails。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/nW8O777K
本试题收录于:
雅思听力题库雅思(IELTS)分类
0
雅思听力
雅思(IELTS)
相关试题推荐
Questions1-8Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEorTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes
Questions1-8Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEorTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes
Questions1-8Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEorTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes
Questions1-4Thetexthas7paragraphs(A-G).Whichparagraphcontainseachofthefollowingpiecesofinformation?*
READINGPASSAGE1Youshouldspend20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below. Climate
Questions27-30Foreachquestion,onlyONEofthechoicesiscorrect.Writethecorrespondingletterintheappropriateboxon
READINGPASSAGE3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.
Johnwasfirstinterestedinthesubjectbecauseofsomething______
Johnwasfirstinterestedinthesubjectbecauseofsomething______
Choosethecorrectletter,A,BorC.GENERALCOURSEDETAILSWhoareinterestedinMicrobiologycourses?
随机试题
下列关于LD50的叙述,错误的是
颅中窝骨折的临床表现不包括
最高人民法院于1998年发布的《最高人民法院关于人民法院认可台湾地区有关法院民事判决的规定》及2009年发布的《关于人民法院认可台湾地区有关法院民事判决的补充规定》是内地法院认可和执行台湾地区法院民事判决的主要依据。根据上述司法解释,请判断下列哪项表述是正
下列哪些情况可以对商业银行实行接管?()
下列哪一种情况不计算建筑面积?[2004年第17题]
以下选项中,不属于测绘技术的设计过程的是()。
德国飞机制造商从鲨鱼“皮肤”上得到启示,用于机身表面,飞机可以节省燃料8%,这是利用()解决问题。
强制隔离戒毒所对戒毒人员应当按照性别实行分别管理,女性戒毒人员应当由女性工作人员管理。()
(2014下项管)某项目实施需要甲产品。若自制,单位产品的可变成本为12元,并需另外购买一台专用设备,该设备价格为4000元;若采购,购买量大于3000件,购买价格为13元/件,购买量少于3000件时,购买价为14元/件,则甲产品用量_____(1)时,外
Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingsentenceisNOTtrue?Whatdoes"bilingualeducation"(Para3)probablymean?
最新回复
(
0
)