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Youth unemployment in industrial countries has risen in the past decade despite measures aimed at creating jobs for the young, m

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问题     Youth unemployment in industrial countries has risen in the past decade despite measures aimed at creating jobs for the young, most of which have failed, the organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)said on June 24, 1999.
    "Average youth unemployment in the OECD area has risen form 10 percent in 1979 to 13 percent in 1998, and is in double digits in most member countries," the 29 member organization said in its annual Economic Outlook report.
    Many countries had introduced special plans aimed at creating jobs for under-24s during that period, but the results were "fairly discouraging", the report said.
    Few remedial or employment-insertion programs targeted at disadvantaged young people appear to have resulted in significant gains in employment or earnings after they have participated in the programs.
    Not all programs were failures, however, and they had provided lessons in "what does and does not work, and why", the report said.
    The best key issues are ensuring that the education system prepares young people adequately for the demands of the modern work place and that governments carry out "sustained" efforts to improve work prospects for young people, he said.
    It was too soon to say whether recent new initiatives in British and France to bring young people into the workforce would be successful, Martin said, but "hopefully" they had learned from the mistakes of previous programs, many of which either failed to create jobs or did not create long-term jobs for the young.
    The 35-hour week in France, for instance, which the OECD has said repeatedly is not the best way to create jobs, had not been introduced particularly to create jobs for young people, but to cut unemployment generally, he said.
    There is also "no cause for complacency" when it comes to unemployment in general across the OECD, Martin said.
    While unemployment is forecast to remain essentially stable through to the end of 2000, at 7. 0 percent across the OECD, the same level as in 1999, eight of the 29 members will still have a jobless rate of more than 10 percent, the report said.
    The report also said that much of the growth in employment in recent years had come from part-time jobs, but they are less well-paid than full time employment.
    Part-time work defined in the study as less than 30 hours a week-now accounts for 14. 3percent of employment in the OECD’s 29 countries, with the Netherlands heading the list at 30 percent of total employment.
    Part-time workers generally earn less on an hourly basis than their full-time colleagues and also have less access to training, the OECD report said.
    Part-time workers in Canada fare the least well, earning on average just 55. 9 percent of the average hourly wage of their full time colleagues, while those in Portugal fare best, with their wages at 90 percent of a full-time employee’s, the study found.
    The problem is unlikely to go away, the OECD said, as part-time work is on the increase and relatively few part-time jobs are transformed into full-time ones.
    But financial problems are likely to become greater with an increase in the part-time workforce and an aging population as pension and other benefits for part-time workers look set to fall further behind those of their full-time colleagues, the OECD said.  
In what ways are part-time workers inferior to full time workers?
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答案In earnings and training.
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