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  3. A team of international researchers has found new evidence that an endangered subspecies of chimpanzee is the source of the viru

A team of international researchers has found new evidence that an endangered subspecies of chimpanzee is the source of the viru

admin2010-03-25  30
问题     A team of international researchers has found new evidence that an endangered subspecies of chimpanzee is the source of the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Experts said the finding could lead to new treatments for AIDS and contribute to the development of a vaccine against the disease.
    The research team said the chimp -- a subspecies known as Pan troglodytes native to west central Africa -- carries a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is closely related to three strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. One of these strains, HIV-1, has caused the vast majority of the estimated 30 million HIV infections around the world.
    The researchers are uncertain when the chimp virus, called SIVcpz (for simian immunodeficiency virus chimpanzee), first infected humans, although the oldest documented case of HIV has been linked to a Bantu man who died in Central Africa in 1959. But they said the virus, which does not appear to harm the chimps, was most likely transmitted to humans when hunters were exposed to chimp blood while killing and butchering the animals for food. Once transmitted to humans, the researchers believe the virus mutated into HIV-1.
    Team leader Beatrice Hahn, an AIDS researcher at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, said the chimps have probably carried the virus for hundreds of thousands of years. Since humans have probably hunted the animals since prehistoric times, Hahn said the virus may have jumped to humans on many occasions, but was not transmitted widely among humans until the 20th century. Increased hunting of the chimpanzees, along with human migration to African cities and changing sexual mores, could help explain the recent epidemic, Hahn said.
    Scientists had long suspected that a nonhuman primate was the source of HIV-1. Earlier studies suggested that the sooty mangabey monkey, a native of West Africa, was the likely source of HIV- 2 -- a rarer form of the AIDS virus that is transmitted less easily than HIV-1. However, only a few samples of SIV strains exist, making it difficult for researchers to confidently connect the strains to HIV-1.
    As part of their effort to discover the source of HIV-1, the research team studied the four known samples of SIVcpz. They learned that three of the four samples came from Chimps belonging to the subspecies P.t. troglodytes. The remaining sample came from another subspecies, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, which inhabits East Africa.
    The team then compared the SIVcpz strains to each other and found that all three of the viruses from P.t.  troglodytes were closely related, while the virus from P.t. sehweinfurthii was genetically different. Next they compared the SIVcpz strains to the main subgroups of Hiv-1, known as M, N, and O. Their comparisons showed that the P.t. troglodytes viruses strongly resembled all three HIV-1 subgroups.
     Additional evidence that HIV-1 could be linked to P. t. troglodytes came when the researchers examined the chimps’ natural habitat. The researchers quickly discovered that the chimps live primarily in the West African nations of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and the Republic of the Congo, the geographic region where HIV-1 was first identified.
    Upon closer study, the researchers learned that the chimps were being killed in growing numbers for the so-called bushmeat trade, a trend assisted by the construction of new logging roads in once remote forests. The researchers said that continued hunting of the animals meant that many people are still likely to be exposed to SIVcpz, increasing the risk of additional cross-species transmissions.
    Many AIDS researchers welcomed the team’s finding, but said the new work had not proved the connection definitively. Most of the doubts centered on the difficulty of drawing conclusions from such a small number of SIVcpz samples. Because so few samples exist -- all drawn from chimps in captivity -- researchers do not know how prevalent the virus is among wild chimps, or how the virus is transmitted. Doubts are likely to persist until the course of the virus is studied in chimps in the wild.
    Some health experts said the finding could have far-reaching implications for combating AIDS. Because SIVcpz does not cause the chimps to become ill, researchers believe that the animals’ disease-fighting immune systems may have developed a defense against the virus. Since chimps are 98 percent genetically similar to humans, learning more about the chimps’ immune systems could shed light on new ways to prevent and treat AIDS in humans. Discovering how the chimp’s immune system controls the virus, for example, could help researchers develop a vaccine that generates a similar immune- system response in humans.
     Other experts noted that even if the finding does not help in the fight against AIDS, it provides strong evidence that dangerous viruses can be transmitted to humans from wild animals. In some cases, the viruses may be harmless to the host animals, but cause sickness and death when transmitted to humans. As people increasingly venture into remote animal habitats, some scientists believe there is a growing risk of new human exposures to previously unknown disease-causing microbes,
    In the meantime, widespread slaughter of the chimps could make further study of P.t. troglodytes difficult. The wild chimp population, which exceeded 1 million animals in the early 20th century, is now believed to number fewer than 100,000. "We cannot afford to lose these animals, either from the animal’s conservation point of view or a medical investigation standpoint," said Hahn. "It is quite possible that the chimpanzee, which has served as the source of HIV- 1, also holds the clues to its successful control."
Since chimpanzees are genetically very similar to humans,
选项 A、chimpanzees are likely to suffer AIDS just like humans if they are infected.
B、it does not matter if human beings are infected with SIV rather than HIV-
C、we can use human vaccines to prevent chimpanzees from getting AIDS virus.
D、AIDS vaccines based on chimp’s immune mechanism are possible to be made.
答案D
解析 本题的前提是“由于黑猩猩与人类在遗传方面大多相似”，A说黑猩猩如果感染病毒，也会像人类一样患艾滋病。这不符合事实，因为文中说“．．．the virus，which does not appear to harm the chimps．．．”B说如果人类感染SIV病毒而不是HIV-1病毒就不会得病。这不对，因为SIV在人体内会转化为HIV-1，最后使人得病。第三段最后一句"Once transmitted to humans，the researchers believe the virus mutated intoHIV-1．”证实了这点。C说我们能用人的疫苗来防止黑猩猩的艾滋病，这是错的，因为首先人们还未开发出用于人类免得艾滋病的疫苗，另外，黑猩猩本身不会得艾滋病，也就用不上疫苗。D说根据黑猩猩的免疫机能进行艾滋病毒疫苗的开发是可能成功的，这符合该发现的重大意义。
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