首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
(1)Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a conte
(1)Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a conte
admin
2019-03-25
23
问题
(1)Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra red blood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organizations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which would rather that athletes competed without resorting to them.
(2)The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone)was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result. The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual’s genetic make-up could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent.
(3)The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine: testosterone glucuronide (TG)and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG). The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests.
(4)However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr. Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360mg shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use)and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected.
(5)The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carried no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men.
(6)Dr. Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Two-thirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG), compared with under a tenth of Caucasians—something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account.
(7)In the meantime, Dr. Schulze’s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes traveling to Beijing for the Olympic games may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case.
According to official Olympic policy, which of the following ratio between TG and EG is considered suspicious?
选项
A、1 : 1.
B、2.5 : 1.
C、3.3 : 1.
D、4.5 : 1.
答案
D
解析
第3段最后一句提到,根据奥林匹克官方政策,如果前者与后者的比值大于4:1,就有使用兴奋剂的嫌疑,各选项中只有D大于4:1,因此应选D。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/nxEK777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
FourCharacteristicsofCultureI.Cultureisshared—Region,climateand【T1】_____formasetofvaluesandbeliefs【T1】______—
FourCharacteristicsofCultureI.Cultureisshared—Region,climateand【T1】_____formasetofvaluesandbeliefs【T1】______—
FourCharacteristicsofCultureI.Cultureisshared—Region,climateand【T1】_____formasetofvaluesandbeliefs【T1】______—
FourCharacteristicsofCultureI.Cultureisshared—Region,climateand【T1】_____formasetofvaluesandbeliefs【T1】______—
HowtoPrepareforaScholarshipInterview?I.Beforetheinterview—Preparationisamust—Readasmuchaspossibleaboutthe
HowtoPrepareforaScholarshipInterview?I.Beforetheinterview—Preparationisamust—Readasmuchaspossibleaboutthe
HowtoPrepareforaScholarshipInterview?I.Beforetheinterview—Preparationisamust—Readasmuchaspossibleaboutthe
随机试题
“应收账款”总分类账户本期发生额与所属明细分类账户本期发生额合计金额应相等。判断:理由:
PowerPoint2010演示文稿模板文件的扩展名为.pots。()
国际货物买卖中,一方当事人违反合同应负的损害赔偿责任应与下列哪项相等?
实施强制性产品认证商品的收货人或者其代理人在报检时除填写入境货物报检单并随附有关的外贸证单外,还应提供认证证书并在产品上加施检验标志。
已知风险组合的期望报酬率为15%,无风险利率为8%,风险组合的标准差为20%。投资人甲除了自己拥有的资金外,还向投资人乙借入20%的资金,并将所有奖金用于投资风险组合M。要求:(1)计算投资总额中投资于风险组合M的比例和投资于无风险资产的比例;(2)
球类比赛的淘汰制分为单淘汰和双淘汰两种;循环制分为单循环、双循环和分组循环三种。()
请从所给的四个选项中,选择最合适的一个填入问号处,使之呈现一定的规律性:
Peopleusedtothinkthatlearningtwolanguagescreatedconfusioninthemind.Far【C1】______itwasthought,togetonerightth
若x为int类型,请写出与!x等价的C语言表达式______。
Businessvisitstendtobeextremelypunctual.Ifyouarrivelatetoabusinessappointment,itwillreflectbadlyonyou.Sot
最新回复
(
0
)