首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begi
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begi
admin
2013-01-28
33
问题
Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend’s face. Is Anie an extremely devoted companion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.
Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.
Throughout history, humans have relied on animals’ traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That’s because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.
For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of the collapsed building or highway.
Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand’s other fingers--so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.
And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.
So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.
Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.
After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drags (it’s like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)
At "Helping Hands--Monkey Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.
Taking the monkeys in when they’re four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That’s when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.
Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.
Allie is a capuchin【16】who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n)【17】of many animals who can be【18】to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys,【19】and sea lions can also give people a helping【20】.
Dogs are good at【21】down prey and sniffing out【22】and【23】because they have millions of【24】in their nose Monkeys are good helper for the【25】, who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the【26】of whales because they :can【27】to the deep ocean. In addition,【28】are part of whales’ natural environment, which makes the video more【29】.
But animals cannot do the jobs【30】training. The main process of training is called【31】, which uses 【32】. During the training, trainers 【33】an animal for doing something【34】. For monkeys, the positive reinforcement can 【35】a year before they are qualified for their jobs.
选项
答案
K
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/p51O777K
0
考博英语
相关试题推荐
Don’tcallhimjustacollegeprofessor.Internetentrepreneur,TVpersonality,advisortopresidents,andfriendtotherichan
Whatismeant【51】theword"friend"?Thedictionary【52】itas:."oneattachedto【53】byaffectionoresteem".Americansuset
Whatismeant【51】theword"friend"?Thedictionary【52】itas:."oneattachedto【53】byaffectionoresteem".Americansuset
Battlesarelikemarriages.Theyhavecertainfundamentalexperiencetheyshareincommon;theydifferinfinitely,butstillthe
Battlesarelikemarriages.Theyhavecertainfundamentalexperiencetheyshareincommon;theydifferinfinitely,butstillthe
Battlesarelikemarriages.Theyhavecertainfundamentalexperiencetheyshareincommon;theydifferinfinitely,butstillthe
Thedifferencesbetweenmenandwomenclarifywhytheyhavedifferentexpectationsaboutcommunicationinmarriage.Forwomen,t
Thedifferencesbetweenmenandwomenclarifywhytheyhavedifferentexpectationsaboutcommunicationinmarriage.Forwomen,t
Thedifferencesbetweenmenandwomenclarifywhytheyhavedifferentexpectationsaboutcommunicationinmarriage.Forwomen,t
随机试题
内部提升的优点是()
A.温中与降逆并施,寓补益于温降之中B.温补并用,以温为主C.温阳与散寒并用,养血与通脉兼施D.温清消补并用,但以温清化瘀为主E.温补脾阳与攻下寒积并用当归四逆汤的配伍特点是
女性,71岁,结肠手术后深静脉留置导管并应用广谱抗生素,1个月后突然畏寒,高热,血压70/60mmHg,尿量16ml/小时,血象,白细胞总数18×109/L,中性0.92,BE-28mmol/L,CO2CP为15mmol/L。该病人目前的突出矛盾是
收到行政复议申请后,行政复议机关应当在()日内进行审查。
在工程费用监控过程中,明确费用控制人员的任务和职责分工,改善费用控制工作流程等措施,属于费用偏差纠正的()。
纳税人在办理完停业手续后,应当自行封存保管其税务登记证件及副本、发票领购簿、未使用完的发票和其他税务证件,防止丢失。()
上市公司信息披露的质量难以保证。下列选项中,不属于造成这一现象的主要原因的是()。
远东公司系中外合资经营企业,其注册资本为800万美元,合同约定分两次投入,合同汇率为1:6.8。中、外投资者分别于2012年1月1日和2012年5月1日投入500万美元和300万美元。假定2012年1月1日、1月31日、3月31日和5月1日美元对人民币的汇
[*]
请简要回答下列问题:(2017年西南财经大学801经济学一)如果政府采用宏观手段调节,则政府会采用什么措施?价格和产出会有什么变化?
最新回复
(
0
)