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  3. Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence". This broad definition, of course, would includ

Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence". This broad definition, of course, would includ

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问题      Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence". This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or across a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people ’who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.
     Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence, an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads axe motivated almost entirely by push factors ( although pull factors do influence their choice Of destination).
     Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow.
     Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles". Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival.
     The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one per son and frighten another.
     Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.
The purpose of the passage is to discuss ______ .
选项 A、the problems of international migrants
B、the motives of international migrants
C、migration inside the country
D、migration between countries
答案D
解析 此题为统篇概括题。A项只概括了最后一段，以偏概全；B项概括了二、三、四和五段，似乎是正确答案，那么最后一段应作何归属?至于C项，作者在第一段中就明确地表明不在本篇中谈及。只剩下D项，作者也是在第一段以“Our concern is with movement be ween nations，not...”点出文章的主旨，这包括移居的动因，移居引发的问题，因而D项符合题意。
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