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  3. There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—an epidemic o

There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—an epidemic o

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问题     There is, writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—an epidemic of false, biased, and falsified findings where "only the most egregious cases of misconduct are discovered and punished." Fanelli is a leading thinker in an increasingly alarming field of scientific research: one that seeks to find out why it is that so many scientific researches turn out to be wrong.
    For a long time the focus has either been on industry funding as a source of bias, particularly in drug research, or on those who deliberately commit fraud, such as the spectacular case of Diederik Stapel, a Dutch social psychologist who was found to have fabricated at least 55 research papers over 20 years. But an increasing number of studies have shown that flawed research is a much wider phenomenon, especially in the biomedical sciences. Indeed, the investigation into Stapel also blamed a "sloppy" research culture that often ignored inconvenient data and misunderstood important statistical methods.
    "There’s little question that the scientific literature is awash in false findings—findings that if you try to replicate you’ll probably never succeed or at least find them to be different from what was initially said," says Fanelli. "But people don’t appreciate that this is not because scientists are manipulating these results, consciously or unconsciously; it’s largely because we have a system that favors statistical flukes instead of replicable findings."
    This is why, he says, we need to extend the idea of academic misconduct (currently limited to fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism) to "distorted reporting"—the failure to communicate all the information someone would need to validate your findings. Right now, he says, we’re missing all the "unconscious biased, the systemic biases, the practices, mistakes, and problems that hardly ever count as cheating", even though they have a very important—and probably the largest—effect on creating technically false results in the literature.
    One particularly challenging bias is that academic journals tend to publish only positive results. As Isabelle Boutron, a professor of epidemiology at Rene Descartes University in Paris, points out, studies have shown that peer reviewers are influenced by trial results; one study showed that they not only favored a paper showing a positive effect over a near-identical paper showing no effect, they also gave the positive paper higher scores for its scientific methods. And Boutron has herself found extensive evidence of scientists spinning their findings to claim benefits that their actual results didn’t quite support.
    "We need a major cultural change," says Fanelli. "But when you think that, even 20 years ago, these issues were practically never discussed, I think we’re making considerable progress."
According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
选项 A、Academic misconduct is limited on industry funding and academic fraud.
B、Conscious manipulation of scientists is to blame for the increasingly false findings.
C、Positive research findings won’t bring about fame for scientists.
D、Fanelli still feels confident about the prospect.
答案D
解析 本题题干没有关键词，属于是非判断题，可以通过选项关键词定位相应段落。文章第六段第二句话中法内利(Fanelli)表示，20年前，几乎没有人讨论这些问题，我认为我们已经在取得重大进展(considerable progress)。由此可以看出他对科研领域的未来是持积极态度的，因此选项D与原文属于相同含义，为正确选项。根据第二段第一句话，人们一直以来的关注点主要在行业资金的偏见(industry funding as a source of bias)和故意造假(deliberately commit fraud)两方面，但第二句话讲到研究错误现象其实更加广泛，因此选项A曲解文意。选项B属于正反混淆，第三段第二句话讲到，科学文献存在大量错误研究结果，不是因为科学家有意或无意地操纵研究结果(manipulating these results)，主要原因是我们的体系内偏爱侥幸的统计结果(statistical flukes)。选项C也属于正反混淆，由第五段第一.句话可知，学术期刊倾向于发表正面研究结果。第二句话也说到，同行评审人员会更青睐有正面研究结果的论文，因此正面研究结果对科学家是有利的。第六段：科研结果错误问题较过去取得了很大进展。
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