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  3. Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the

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问题     Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
    Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You’re a good boy." The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and childhood development done outside of a lab setting.
    In the study, researches found that the children who grew up with more process praise (comments such as "You worked really hard" or "You’re doing a great job," which emphasize the child’s actions.) were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say that they could improve their intelligence with hard work. While person praise (comments like "You’re so smart" or "You’re so good," which focus on a child’s inherent qualities.) didn’t seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed and improved, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and therefore not easily altered.
    "This study is monumental," says Carol Dweck, a co-author of the study and a professor at Stanford University whose earlier research laid the foundation for understanding the role of praise in child development.
    Another revelation from the study involved how praise affects boys and girls differently. Parents gave boys and girls the same amount of praise, but of the encouragement boys received, 24％ was process praise, while girls received only 10％ of this type. Previous research suggested this pattern, but Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, says she was surprised by how great the difference was. The inequality could have consequences for how girls evaluate their abilities as they progress in school and may play a role in aggravating some of the self-esteem issues that become more common among teens and adolescents.
    The findings send a clear message to parents. "The biggest takeaway is that parent praise matters," Dweck says. "The parents, even when the children are very young, are starting to shape the child’s motivation, the children’s attitudes toward themselves and their stance to the world." Not all praise, it seems, is equal.
We can infer from Paragraph 3 that ________.
选项 A、children with more person praise develop better than otherwise
B、process praise is temporary while person praise is permanent
C、person praise like "you are so smart" should be completely avoided
D、process praise has more positive effects on children than person praise
答案D
解析 根据题干可直接定位到第三段。该段详细讲述了研究的结果，对比了process praise“行为表扬”及person praise“个人表扬”的影响。该段前两句提到，受到行为表扬多的孩子，更敢于应对挑战，应对困难的方法也更多，也更有可能认为他们可以通过努力来提升智力，这些是person praise所没有的，故D项的概括正确。A项与文意正好相反，原文都没有提及person praise对孩子具体的积极影响，故A项可排除。第二三段并没有出现B项中的temporary“暂时的”和permanent“永久的”，故B项也可排除。C项中的be completely avoided“完全杜绝”说法过于绝对，且第三段第一句明确提到person praise对孩子并没有负面影响，只是对孩子的影响方式与process praise不同，故杜绝这类表扬的说法不合逻辑。
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