首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
The English Vocabulary Vocabulary is a complete inventory of the words in a language. It can be divided into active vocabulary
The English Vocabulary Vocabulary is a complete inventory of the words in a language. It can be divided into active vocabulary
admin
2011-02-11
32
问题
The English Vocabulary
Vocabulary is a complete inventory of the words in
a language. It can be divided into active vocabulary,
which refers to 【1】______ which a person use, and 【1】______
passive vocabulary.
The English vocabulary is a mixture of native
words and borrowed words:
Ⅰ . Native words--Most of them are of 【2】______ 【2】______
origin.
1)words denoting the commonest things
necessary for life
2)words denoting the most indispensable things
3)auxiliary and modal verbs, etc.
—They are 【3】______ in number. 【3】______
Ⅱ. Borrowed words—Also known as 【4】______. 【4】______
1)The adaptation of foreign words into the
English vocabulary began 【5】______ the English 【5】______
came to England.
2)Many of the words about religious service such
as bishop, creed, and priest are from 【6】______ 【6】______
3)The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced
many 【7】______ words into English. 【7】______
4)The Renaissance introduced many 【8】______ 【8】______
words into English.
5)At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries,
English made a number of 【9】______from languages 【9】______
spoken outside Europe.
6)In the twentieth century, words derived from
Latin or Greek elements are learned or 【10】______ 【10】______
words and they don’t seem foreign.
【1】
In this lecture, we’ll discuss English vocabulary. First, let’s define the term "vocabulary". What is vocabulary.’? It usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. The vocabulary can be divided into active vocabulary and passive vocabulary. The active vocabulary refers to lexical items which a person uses. The passive vocabulary refers to the words which he understands.
The English vocabulary is characterized by a mixture of native words and borrowed words. First, about the native words. Most of the native words are of AngloSaxon origin. They form the basic word stock of the English language. In the native stock, we find words denoting the commonest things necessary for life, such as those words denoting natural phenomena, divisions of the year, parts of the body, animals, foodstuffs, trees, fruits, human activity. And also other words denoting the most indispensable things. The native stock also includes auxiliary and modal verbs, pronouns, most numerals, prepositions and conjunctions. Though they are small in number, these words play no small part in linguistic performance and communication.
Next, we come to borrowed words. Borrowed words are also known as loan- words. They refer to linguistic forms taken over by one language or dialect from another.
The English vocabulary has replenished itself by continually taking over words from other languages over the centuries. The adoption of foreign words into the English language began even before the English came to England. We know that the Angles and Saxons formed a part of the Germanic people. Long before the Anglo Saxons came to England, the Germanic people had been in contact with the civilization of Rome. Thus, Words of Latin origin denoting objects belonging to the Roman civilization gradually found their way into the English language. For example, wine, butter, cheese, inch, mile, mint, etc.
When the English, or the Anglo-Saxons, were settled in England, they continued to borrow words from Latin, especially after Roman Christianity was introduced into the island in the sixth and seventh centuries. A considerable number of Latin words were adopted into the English language. These Words chiefly signify things connected with religion or the services of the church, such as bishop, candle, creed, monk, priest, and a great many others.
The English vocabulary also owes a great deal to the Danes and Northmen. From these settlers, English adopted a surprising number of words of Scandinavian origin that belong to the core-vocabulary today. Such as they, them, their, both, ill, die, egg, knife, low, skill, take, till, though, want, etc.
The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of French words into the English vocabulary. French adoptions were found in almost every section of the vocabulary. For example, in the section of law, there are such words as justice, evidence, pardon; in the section of warfare, there are conquer, victory; in religion, there are grace, repent, sacrifice; in architecture, there are castle, pillar, tower; in finance, there are pay, rent, ransom; in rank, there are prince, princess; in clothing, there are collar, mantlet; in food, there are dinner ,feast, sauce, etc. In the first 43 lines of the Prologue to Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, there are 39 words of French origin. We can see the English vocabulary takes in so many words from French.
And in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Renaissance swept Europe. It was a revival of art and literature based on ancient Greek learning. The Renaissance opened up a new source for the English vocabulary to enrich itself. And English borrowed many words from Greek through the medium of Latin, such as crisis, topic, coma, etc. a wide range of learned affixes are also from Greek, such as bio-, geo- , hydro-, auto-, homo-, para- ,-ism ,-logy ,-graph , -meter, -gram and many others.
From the sixteenth century forward, there was a great increase in the number of languages, and English borrowed many words from these languages. French continued to provide a considerable number of new words, for example, trophy, vase, moustache, unique, soup. English borrowed a lot of words from Italian in the field of art, music and literature, for example, model, sonnet, opera, quartet, etc. there was also a Spanish element in English, for example, potato, cargo, parade, cigar. Besides, German, Portuguese and Dutch were also fertile sources of loan words, for example, dock, zinc and plunder are from German; cobra, buffalo and pagoda are from Portuguese; tackle, buoy and skipper are from Dutch.
At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with a growth of international trade and the urge to colonize the known world, English made a number of direct adoptions from languages spoken outside Europe. Some examples are: sultan and ghoul from Arabic, lichi and typhoon from Chinese, shah and shawl form Persian, yoghurt from Turkish, czar from Russian.
Since the end of the Second World War, still more loan words have been incorporated into the English vocabulary. For example, cuisine from French, sushi from Japanese, mao tai from Chinese, and many others.
In tile twentieth century, it should be observed that English has created many words out of Latin and Greek elements, especially in the field of science and technology, such as antibiotic, astronaut, auto-visual, autolysis, etc. Although all these Latin and Greek derived words are distinctly’ learned or technical, they do not seem foreign, and, in this respect, they are very different from the recent loanwords from living languages, such as cappuccino, angst, and sputnik. Thus, for the Modem English period a distinction must be made between the adoptions from living languages and the formations derived from the two classical languages.
That’s the end of today’s lecture. Next time we’ll concentrate on English word formation. Thank you for your attention !
选项
答案
lexical items
解析
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/pnYO777K
0
专业英语八级
相关试题推荐
Crimehasitsowncycles,amagazinere-portedsomeyearsbefore.Policerecordsthat【M1】______.werestudiedforfiveyearso
WhichofthefollowingisNOTusuallyconsideredasastem?
ThefirstimmigrantsinAmericanhistorycamefrom______,somerunningawayfromreligiousandpoliticalpersecutionandsomec
CharacteristicsofaBureaucracyPeopleusuallyholdnegativeopiniontowardsbureaucracy,butaccordingtoMaxWeber,burea
Whichofthefollowingcontainsphonemiccontrast?
A、enquiringaboutadegreeB、gettingsomeinformationaboutagrantC、inquiringaboutthequalificationforadegreeD、discussin
A、Illegalweaponsdealers.B、Twoundergroundpassages.C、Egyptiansmugglers.D、Islamicmilitants.B
______oftheU.S.Senatestandsforre-electioneverytwoyears.
A、gettinginvolvedinabribery.B、dealinginanillegaltransaction.C、endangeringnationalsecurity.D、beingnegligentofhis
随机试题
Inatelephonesurveyofmorethan2,000adults,21%saidtheybelievedthesunrevolved(旋转)aroundtheearth.An【C1】______7%di
A.中脘B.太冲C.肾俞、命门D.内庭治疗湿热泄泻除主穴外可配用
急性硬膜外血肿的临床特征是
女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤中发病率最高的是
患者男,55岁。糖尿病史5年,1周来低热37.9℃,伴咳嗽,痰中偶带血,胸片示肺中野多发片状结节状阴影,血沉86mm/h,痰涂片抗酸染色阳性。该患者最可能的诊断是
甲、乙两公司签订了一份买卖合同,双方约定由甲公司向乙公司出售1000吨东北大米,甲公司负责将货物于4月3日运送至乙公司,乙公司在收到货物后10日内付清货款。2月20日,甲公司与丙运输公司订立货物运输合同,双方约定由丙公司将1000吨大米运送至乙公
2014年8月,某公司销售一批原材料,开具的增值税专用发票上注明的售价为15000元,增值税税率为17%,材料成本14000元,则该企业编制会计分录时,应借记的其他业务成本科目的金额是()元。
在高中的教学中,教师应帮助学生打好基础、发展能力,请简述具体的做法。
在解应用题时,老师总是一再强调要读懂题目,必要时可以画示意图。他这样做的目的是为了让学生()。
Howwasthedeerwhentheboyfirstsawit?Whatmadetheboyhavesomeunderstandingofthehorribleants?
最新回复
(
0
)