首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
外语
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860 s, B
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860 s, B
admin
2016-11-17
68
问题
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860 s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.【K1】______.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.【K2】______.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.【K3】______.
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.【K4】______.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology , largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.【K5】______.
Also in the early 1900 s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics , the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the " survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’ s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’ s entrance into adulthood.
[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage , categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
[F] Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested , on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
【K3】
选项
答案
A
解析
本题是比较、对照关系题。该空格出现在第三段末尾。空格所在段落以及接下来的两个段落都提到了博厄斯的历史特殊主义理论。从上下文的衔接角度看,似乎空格处内容也应与历史特殊主义理论相关,但分析各选项都没有直接相关的内容。考生可能会误选B选项,因为提到了Boas,但是此句主要讲述了他为全面研究独特的文化而掌握的学科知识,不符合主题,故排除。第三至五段内容上紧密衔接,因此可以通过分析其上下文关系来确定答案。第四段在前一段提出历史特殊主义理论后,对其作了详细阐述;第五段出现了术语“diffusionism”文化传播论,但并没有说明性文字,因此可以推断在此之前应该提到了这一理论。浏览各选项,A即解释了“diffusionism”:文化创新只有一个来源,然后再从一个社会传播到另一个社会,与历史特殊主义理论的观点相对。且由第五段的“…rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism”得知两种理论的主张正好相反,这样A选项中二者的对照恰为下文进一步阐述其差别埋下了伏笔,使上下文内容连贯、逻辑关系紧密。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/qARd777K
本试题收录于:
公共英语四级笔试题库公共英语(PETS)分类
0
公共英语四级笔试
公共英语(PETS)
相关试题推荐
Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecol
Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecol
Itisacuriousparadoxthatwethinkofthephysicalsciencesas"hard",thesocialsciencesas"soft",andthebiological
Thehorseandcarriageisathingofthepast,butloveandmarriagearestillwithusandstillcloselyinterrelated.MostAmer
Thehorseandcarriageisathingofthepast,butloveandmarriagearestillwithusandstillcloselyinterrelated.MostAmer
Thehorseandcarriageisathingofthepast,butloveandmarriagearestillwithusandstillcloselyinterrelated.MostAmer
BoeingCo’sSonicCruiser,aproposedfasterairliner,wouldbemostlyblendedmaterial,programdirectorWaltGillettesaidrec
BoeingCo’sSonicCruiser,aproposedfasterairliner,wouldbemostlyblendedmaterial,programdirectorWaltGillettesaidrec
BoeingCo’sSonicCruiser,aproposedfasterairliner,wouldbemostlyblendedmaterial,programdirectorWaltGillettesaidrec
随机试题
水肿的严重变证可表现为
神经一肌肉接头处的化学递质是
群体要求成员在群体活动中保持一致并以此与群体以外成员区分开来,这种独特的群体活动特征使成员能够明确区分群体内成员和群体外成员,并把本群体视为一个整体。这所体现的社会群体特征是()
关于ISO9000:2000标准所给出的以过程为基础的质量管理体系模式,下列理解不正确的是()。
受贿:国家工作人员、集体经济组织工作人员或者其他从事公务的人员,利用职务上的便利,索取或者非法收受他人财物,为他人谋取利益的行为。根据以上定义,下面哪种行为是受贿?()
一项对西部山区小塘村的调查发现,小塘村约五分之三的儿童人中学后出现中度以上的近视,而他们的父母及祖辈,没有机会到正规学校接受教育,很少出现近视。以下哪项作为上述断定的结论最为恰当?
4个数成等比数列,前3个数的积为1,后3个数的积为,则公比的值是
设函数P(x,y),Q(x,y)在单连通区域D内有一阶连续偏导数,L为D内曲线,则曲线积分∫LPdx+Qdy与路径无关的充要条件为()
IntheUnitedStates,thefirstdaynursery,wasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe【C1】_____
Economicgrowthproducesmorerevenueandthatwillhelpto______thetaxcutandactuallylowerthedebt.
最新回复
(
0
)