2. 考研
  3. [A] These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

[A] These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of

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问题    [A] These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments— from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.
   [B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.
   [C] None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.
   [D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.
   [E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.
   [F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.
   [G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, " and I yell. "No, " neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.
   【C1】______→【C2】______→ F→【C3】______→【C4】______→C→ 【C5】______
【C1】
选项
答案E
解析 F和C段为已知段。现在要确定的是剩下的段落哪一段可以作为段首。G段落开头为There is a better way…出现一个比较级，说明是和前面的一个方法相比较，因此不能做段首；A段落There tools开头，出现代词，不能做段首；B段落many discussions are not successful，出现词汇so，为代词，指代上面说的successful discussion，因此不能做段首；这样只剩D和E段落，D段落开头Carnegle would be right if…，这里出现了对人物观点进行正确与否的判断，判断正确与否的前提是首先要提到此人的存在以及其观点具体是什么，所以D段落不能为段首，因此此题答案为E。实际上，纵观全文，本段是以Carnegle的观点为切入，然后通过分析Carnegle的观点，对有效辩论进行探讨。
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