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  3. Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments i

admin2014-04-20  58
问题     Language means that we have self-consciousness, which makes us a unique species able to control ourselves and our environments in ways that other animals cannot. However, a visit to the Monkey Sanctuary, near Looe in Cornwall, provided striking evidence of connections between monkey mother-child relations and that in humans.
    The monkeys there have usually been badly deprived of love or maltreated by humans. The scientists use their understanding and painstaking care to nurture the monkeys back to a more stable emotional state. As a review paper shows, there are important parallels between the impact of early maltreatment in other mammals and humans, and key implications for prevention of human emotional problems.
    The kind of early care a monkey receives precisely predicts its brain chemistry and the kind of adult it will become. Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers at birth and reared without an alternative parent, only with their peers until the age of six months, are more easily scared of strangers and unfamiliar experiences than mother-reared ones.
    When threatened by social separation or isolation in later life, those monkeys separated from their mothers at birth have different brain and body chemistry. When they become mothers themselves, they are significantly more neglectful or abusive of their offspring than those who were mother-reared, repeating the cycle of deprivation.
    The similarity in mothering across generations could be simply a genetic inheritance, but this has been disproved. The amount of contact with the particular daughter has been compared with the mother’s average for all of her daughters. A daughter’s subsequent mothering reflects her particular experience rather than the average for all of her sisters. The unique care received determines subsequent pattern of mothering, rather than a genetic tendency inherited from the mother.
    Another theory is that a genetically difficult baby could make the mother uncaring. This was contradicted by a study of what are called highly reactive infant monkeys—ones that are very difficult to care for because they overreact to the slightest sound or movement.
    They were fostered out to either average mothers or exceptionally nurturing ones. The exceptionally nurtured young monkeys grew up even more socially well-adjusted than normal infants fostered by average mothers. Nurture was so influential, in other words, that it could turn a difficult infant into a superior adult. Furthermore, when the generation of offspring in the study grew up and themselves had infants, their parenting style, whether exceptionally nurturing or average, exactly mirrored the kind of care they had received as infants. This was regardless of whether their original infant personality had been highly reactive or not.
    Much of what goes for monkeys seems to go for humans too. It’s a simple but important point: babies and toddlers need consistent loving care if they are to grow up secure and mentally healthy. Well-conceived and executed interventions that improve mother-infant relationships can make all the difference.  
What do we know about mother-reared rhesus monkeys?
选项 A、They only stay with their peers until the age of six months.
B、They are not easily frightened by strange people and events.
C、Their brain and body chemistry may be remarkably changed.
D、They abuse or ignore their offspring when becoming mothers.
答案B
解析 细节题。对于两种不同环境(母亲亲自养育和没有母亲养育)下长大的恒河猴的对比，主要在第三、四两段中有所论述。根据第三段最后一句话，没有母亲养育的恒河猴对陌生人和不熟悉的环境都更容易感到害怕，据此可以反推出，有母亲养育的猴子不易在陌生的人和环境面前受到惊吓，故[B]为答案。根据第三段第二句，[A]“在六个月之前都只和同伴待在一起”是没有母亲养育的猴子的特点，故将其排除。同理，根据第四段第一句，与母亲分开的小猴脑部化学构成会发生变化，但未提及身体，因此[C]项不仅是母亲喂养的幼猴的特征，还添加了文章未提及的内容。而[D]“它们成为母亲后会虐待或忽视它们的后代”也是没有母亲喂养的幼猴的特点，故也不符合文意，应排除。
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