首页
外语
计算机
考研
公务员
职业资格
财经
工程
司法
医学
专升本
自考
实用职业技能
登录
考研
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The t
admin
2018-01-08
88
问题
Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people’s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they’re meant to encourage.
A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.
Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments". The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don’t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruistic than in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.
Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we’re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.
This does not mean it’s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.
What is the message the author intends to convey?
选项
A、Money is not everything; instead, there is always something else.
B、Incentives have more negative influences than positive ones.
C、Incentives may go wrong when they clash with "the moral sentiments".
D、Businesses might as well put economic incentives to fuller play.
答案
C
解析
此题为细节推断题。本文讨论了激励机制有时会适得其反的现象。第一、二段指出和证明了当激励机制被广泛运用取得良好效果时,它其实也可能带来反作用的观点;第三、四段分析了激励机制产生反作用的原因,因为它破坏了“道德情操”,当这种刺激冒犯或贬低了我们的道德情操就会产生反作用;第五段表达激励机制还是可以同时满足自我利益和道德动机的。因此,综合判断四个选项,得出C选项为正确答案。
转载请注明原文地址:https://kaotiyun.com/show/qUBZ777K
0
考研英语一
相关试题推荐
AftervisitingWidenerUniversityandlearningaboutitsprogramrequiring300hoursofcommunityserviceinthesurroundingpoo
AftervisitingWidenerUniversityandlearningaboutitsprogramrequiring300hoursofcommunityserviceinthesurroundingpoo
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
HowdoyouexplaineconomicsinplainEnglish?TheFederalReserveBankofNewYorkhasbeenansweringthequestionwithaneven
Theworldisonthetopofastaggeringriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.【C1】______t
Theworldisonthetopofastaggeringriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.【C1】______t
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itspeededupphysica
GivetheSenatesomecredit:inshapingthecurrentimmigration-reformbill,ithascomeupwithoneideathatalmosteverybody
SpamTextMessageWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawin
Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.I
随机试题
利息率是一定时期的利息量与()
乙型血友病是由哪一凝血因子缺乏所致
患者,男性,32岁。右腰部外伤,伴血尿3小时,经保守治疗后血尿消失,但血压持续下降达80/45mmHg,血红蛋白及血细胞比容继续降低,右腰部出现肿块,下一步最重要的治疗措施是
下列选项中哪种厚度的钢板属于冷轧钢板()。
构成税收实体法诸要素中的基础性要素的是()。
上皮组织的功能主要包括()。
资本主义商业利润的实质是()。
根据以下资料回答问题:我和朋友圈的人聊起各自小时候的故事时,他们会觉得我老爸对我的苛刻要求很过分,因为他们从小到大在家听到的都是表扬和鼓励,很少被家长严厉地批评。在他们看来,我爸带给我的都是负能量。我对他们说:“假如你们不是从小在北京长大,而是像
已知随机变量X的概率密度(Ⅰ)求分布函数F(x);(Ⅱ)若令Y=F(X),求Y的分布函数FY(y).
Thepopularityofcross-borderonlineshoppingisgrowinginChina.Fromtheexcerpts,youcanfindthatcross-borderonlinesho
最新回复
(
0
)