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The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying

admin2014-09-27  51
问题     The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
    Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
    Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’ pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patients.
    Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death. "
    George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It’s like surgery," he says. "We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patients’ suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide. "
    On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
    Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death; Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the under-treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
    Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension. "
Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
选项 A、Doctors will be held guilty it they risk their patients’ death.
B、Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
C、The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication should be prescribed.
D、A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
答案C
解析 是非题。文章第二段第一句说：法庭实际上(in effect)认可了医疗界的“双效”原则。第三段又说，医疗界正是借用这个原则，为大剂量地给晚期(terminally ill)病人注射镇痛剂提供了正当的理由，尽管增加剂量将最终使病人致死。由此可知，法庭实际上同意给病人开大剂量的止痛药。这与C的意思相符。A项“如果医生冒使病人致死的危险，将被认定有罪”与文章内容不符，B项“现代医学已经帮助晚期病人无痛康复”，文中未提。D项“医生用药再也不会因为他的用药意图而被认为合理正当了”与文章内容不符。
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