Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or in

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问题 Although for the purpose of this article English literature is treated as being confined to writings in English by natives or inhabitants of the British Isles, it is to a certain extent the case that literature — and this is particularly true of the literature written in English — knows no frontiers. Thus, English literature can be regarded as a cultural whole of which the mainstream literatures of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada and important elements in the literatures of other commonwealth countries are parts. It can be argued that no single English novel attains the universality of the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Yet in the Middle ages the Old English literature was influenced and gradually changed by the Latin and French writings, eminently foreign in origin in which the churchmen and the Norman conquerors expressed themselves. From this combination emerged a flexible and subtle linguistic instrument exploited by Geoffrey Chaucer and brought to supreme application by William Shakespeare.

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答案尽管因为这篇文章,英国文学被看作只是由讲英语者或者英伦三岛的居民所写的作品,但是,在一定程度上,文学是没有国界的,用英语撰写的作品尤其如此。因此,英国文学可以被看成是美国、澳大利亚、新西兰以及加拿大等国主流文学的总体文化,其他联邦国家文学方面的重要内容只是其中的一部分。可以争论的是,没有任何单部英国小说达到了俄国作家列夫·托尔斯泰的小说《战争与和平》的广泛性。不过,在中世纪,老式英国文学受到了拉丁语和法语这些外语作品的影响,并且逐渐有所改变,教会人员和诺尔曼占领者使用拉丁语交流。从这种结合中,人们开发出一种灵活、微妙的语言技巧,杰弗里·乔叟应用了这种技巧,威廉·莎士比亚把它发挥到了极限。

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